In
grammar
In linguistics, grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers. Grammar rules may concern the use of clauses, phrases, and words. The term may also refer to the study of such rul ...
, denominal verbs are
verb
A verb is a word that generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual description of English, the basic f ...
s derived from
noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an Object (grammar), object or Subject (grammar), subject within a p ...
s.
Many languages have regular
morphological indicators to create denominal verbs.
English
English examples are ''to school'', from ''school'', meaning to instruct; ''to shelve'', from ''shelf'', meaning to put on shelves; and ''to symbolize'', from ''symbol'', meaning to be a symbol for.
Some common denominalizing
affixes in English are ''-ize/-ise'' (e.g., ''summarize''), ''-ify'' (e.g., ''classify''), ''-ate'' (e.g., ''granulate''), ''en-'' (e.g., ''enslave''), ''be-'' (e.g., ''behead''), and
zero
0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. Adding (or subtracting) 0 to any number leaves that number unchanged; in mathematical terminology, 0 is the additive identity of the integers, rational numbers, real numbers, and compl ...
or ''-∅'' (e.g., ''school'').
A variety of semantic relations are expressed between the base noun X and the derived verb. Although there is no simple relationship between the affix and the semantic relation,
[Carolyn A. Gottfurcht, ''Denominal Verb Formation in English'', Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 200]
full text
/ref> there are semantic regularities that can define certain subclasses. Such subclasses include:resultative
In linguistics, a resultative (list of glossing abbreviations, abbreviated ) is a form that expresses that something or someone has undergone a change in state as the result of the completion of an event. Resultatives appear as Predicate (grammar) ...
: to make something into an X, e.g., ''victimize'', ''cash''
* locative: to put something in X, e.g., ''box'', ''hospitalize''
* instrumental
An instrumental or instrumental song is music without any vocals, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a big band setting. Through Semantic change, semantic widening, a broader sense of the word s ...
: to use X, e.g., ''sponge'', ''hammer''
* ablative: to remove something from X, e.g., ''deplane'', ''unsaddle''
* privative
A privative, named from Latin language, Latin , is a particle (grammar), particle that negates or inverts the semantics, value of the root word, stem of the word. In Indo-European languages, many privatives are prefix (linguistics), prefixes, bu ...
: to remove X from something, e.g., ''pit (olives)'', ''behead'', ''bone, defrost''
* ornative: to add X to something or to cover something with X, e.g., ''rubberize'', ''salt''
* similative: to act like or resemble X, e.g., ''tyrannize'', ''guard''
* performative
In the philosophy of language and speech acts theory, performative utterances are sentences which not only describe a given reality, but also change the social reality they are describing.
In a 1955 lecture series, later published as ''How to D ...
: to do or perform X, e.g., ''botanize'', ''tango''
Rgyalrong
In Rgyalrong languages, denominal derivations are extremely developed and have given rise to incorporating and antipassive constructions.
Latin
Many Latin verbs are denominal.conjugation
Conjugation or conjugate may refer to:
Linguistics
*Grammatical conjugation, the modification of a verb from its basic form
*Emotive conjugation or Russell's conjugation, the use of loaded language
Mathematics
*Complex conjugation, the change o ...
verb '' nominare'' (to name) is derived from ''nomen'' (a name),
Hebrew
Denominal verb derivation is highly productive in Hebrew. They are derived from denominal roots and mostly get a set of , and binyans, but can accept others as well. Only active binyan is shown here:
* ( - computer) -> ( - computerize);
* ( - digit/digital) -> ( - digitize);
* ( - extract, summary) -> ( - summarize);
* ( - map) -> ( - map).
Some roots derive verbs from more than one binyan set:
* ( - place) -> ( - place, locate), ( - localize).
See also
*Deverbal noun
Deverbal nouns are nouns that are derived from verbs or verb phrases.
Formation
Hausa
Verbal nouns and deverbal nouns are distinct syntactic word classes. Functionally, deverbal nouns operate as autonomous common nouns, while verbal nouns r ...
, where the noun is formed from the verb.
References
Verb types
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