grammar In linguistics, grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers. Grammar rules may concern the use of clauses, phrases, and words. The term may also refer to the study of such rul ...

, denominal verbs are

verb A verb is a word that generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual description of English, the basic f ...

s derived from

noun In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an Object (grammar), object or Subject (grammar), subject within a p ...

s. Many languages have regular morphological indicators to create denominal verbs.

English

English examples are ''to school'', from ''school'', meaning to instruct; ''to shelve'', from ''shelf'', meaning to put on shelves; and ''to symbolize'', from ''symbol'', meaning to be a symbol for. Some common denominalizing

affixes In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. The main two categories are derivational and inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes, such as ''un-'', ''-ation'', ''anti-'', ''pre-'' et ...

in English are ''-ize/-ise'' (e.g., ''summarize''), ''-ify'' (e.g., ''classify''), ''-ate'' (e.g., ''granulate''), ''en-'' (e.g., ''enslave''), ''be-'' (e.g., ''behead''), and

zero 0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. Adding (or subtracting) 0 to any number leaves that number unchanged; in mathematical terminology, 0 is the additive identity of the integers, rational numbers, real numbers, and compl ...

or ''-∅'' (e.g., ''school''). A variety of semantic relations are expressed between the base noun X and the derived verb. Although there is no simple relationship between the affix and the semantic relation,Carolyn A. Gottfurcht, ''Denominal Verb Formation in English'', Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 200
full text
/ref> there are semantic regularities that can define certain subclasses. Such subclasses include: *

resultative In linguistics, a resultative (list of glossing abbreviations, abbreviated ) is a form that expresses that something or someone has undergone a change in state as the result of the completion of an event. Resultatives appear as Predicate (grammar) ...

: to make something into an X, e.g., ''victimize'', ''cash'' *

locative In grammar, the locative case ( ; abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which indicates a location. In languages using it, the locative case may perform a function which in English would be expressed with such prepositions as "in", "on", "at", and " ...

: to put something in X, e.g., ''box'', ''hospitalize'' *

instrumental An instrumental or instrumental song is music without any vocals, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a big band setting. Through Semantic change, semantic widening, a broader sense of the word s ...

: to use X, e.g., ''sponge'', ''hammer'' *

ablative In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced ; abbreviated ) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages. It is used to indicate motion away from something, make comparisons, and serve various o ...

: to remove something from X, e.g., ''deplane'', ''unsaddle'' *

privative A privative, named from Latin language, Latin , is a particle (grammar), particle that negates or inverts the semantics, value of the root word, stem of the word. In Indo-European languages, many privatives are prefix (linguistics), prefixes, bu ...

: to remove X from something, e.g., ''pit (olives)'', ''behead'', ''bone, defrost'' * ornative: to add X to something or to cover something with X, e.g., ''rubberize'', ''salt'' * similative: to act like or resemble X, e.g., ''tyrannize'', ''guard'' *

performative In the philosophy of language and speech acts theory, performative utterances are sentences which not only describe a given reality, but also change the social reality they are describing. In a 1955 lecture series, later published as ''How to D ...

: to do or perform X, e.g., ''botanize'', ''tango''

Rgyalrong

Rgyalrong languages Gyalrong or rGyalrong (), also rendered Jiarong ( zh, t=嘉絨語, s=嘉绒语, p=Jiāróngyǔ), or sometimes Gyarung, is a subbranch of the Gyalrongic languages spoken by the Gyalrong people in Western Sichuan, China. Lai et al. (2020) refer ...

, denominal derivations are extremely developed and have given rise to incorporating and

antipassive The antipassive voice (abbreviated or ) is a type of grammatical voice that either does not include the object or includes the object in an oblique case. This construction is similar to the passive voice, in that it decreases the verb's valency ...

constructions.

Latin

Many Latin verbs are denominal. For example, the first

conjugation Conjugation or conjugate may refer to: Linguistics *Grammatical conjugation, the modification of a verb from its basic form *Emotive conjugation or Russell's conjugation, the use of loaded language Mathematics *Complex conjugation, the change o ...

verb '' nominare'' (to name) is derived from ''nomen'' (a name), and the fourth conjugation verb '' mollire'' (to soften) derives from the adjective ''mollis'' (soft).

Hebrew

Denominal verb derivation is highly productive in Hebrew. They are derived from denominal roots and mostly get a set of , and binyans, but can accept others as well. Only active

binyan In Hebrew, verbs, which take the form of derived stems, are conjugated to reflect their tense and mood, as well as to agree with their subjects in gender, number, and person. Each verb has an inherent voice, though a verb in one voice typic ...

is shown here: * ( - computer) -> ( - computerize); * ( - digit/digital) -> ( - digitize); * ( - extract, summary) -> ( - summarize); * ( - map) -> ( - map). Some roots derive verbs from more than one

set: * ( - place) -> ( - place, locate), ( - localize).

References

Verb types {{grammar-stub wa:Sivierba

English

Rgyalrong

Latin

Hebrew

See also

References