Demaratos

Demaratus (Greek: Δημάρατος, ''Demaratos''; Doric: Δαμάρατος, ''Damaratos'') was a king of Sparta from around 515 BC to 491 BC. He was the 15th ruler of the Eurypontid dynasty and the firstborn son of King Ariston. During his reign, Demaratus is best known for his opposition to his co-ruler, King Cleomenes I of the Agiad dynasty. This rivalry ultimately led to his dethronement around 491 BC, following Cleomenes' accusations of illegitimacy and political maneuvering.

After his removal from power, Demaratus sought refuge in the Achaemenid Empire, where he was welcomed by King Darius I. He was granted land and cities in Asia Minor, integrating him into Persian society while retaining his influence. Demaratus served as an advisor to Xerxes I during the Second Persian invasion of Greece, providing strategic insights about Greek military tactics.

Early life

Demaratus was born into the Eurypontid dynasty of Sparta and was the firstborn son of King Ariston. His father's significance in the highly structured Spartan society meant Demaratus' firstborn status held considerable weight. According to Herodotus, Demaratus' birth was accompanied by a prophecy that suggested his future prominence and influence, with his name meaning "wished by the people." In Herodotus' writing, we see that King Ariston initially doubted his son's true parentage. "And he, after remembering when he had married the woman and counting out the months on his fingers, swore an oath: 'He could not be my own son!'" As Demaratus grew, Ariston repented what he had sworn and regarded Demaratus as his own.

Upon King Ariston's death, Demaratus ascended to the throne around 515 BCE. His rise to kingship made him the 15th ruler of the Eurypontid line. His succession appears fairly straightforward, as Ariston eventually claimed Demaratus as his own son.  

Reign

Reign in Sparta

When Cleomenes attempted to make Isagoras tyrant in Athens, Demaratus tried to frustrate the plans. In 491 BC, Aegina was one of the states that gave the symbols of submission (earth and water) to Persia. Athens at once appealed to Sparta to punish that act of medism, and Cleomenes I crossed over to the island to arrest those responsible. His first attempt was unsuccessful because of interference from Demaratus, who did his utmost to bring Cleomenes into disfavor at home.

In retaliation, Cleomenes urged Leotychidas, a relative and personal enemy of Demaratus, to claim the throne on the grounds that the latter was really the son not of Ariston but of Agetus, his mother's first husband. Leotychidas' anger towards Demaratus was due to a dispute over the marriage of Perkalon, the daughter of Chilon, son of Demarmenos. Initially, Leotychidas was arranged to marry Perkalon, but Demaratus seized her as his own. Cleomenes bribed the Delphic oracle to pronounce in favor of Leotychidas, who became king in 491 BC.   

After the deposition of Demaratus, Cleomenes visited the island of Aegina for a second time. Accompanied by his new colleague, Leotychidas, he seized ten of the leading citizens and deposited them at Athens as hostages.

In exile

On his abdication, Demaratus was forced to flee. He went to the court of Persian King Xerxes I, who gave him the cities of Teuthrania and Halisarna, around Pergamum.

Demaratus accompanied Xerxes I on his invasion of Greece in 480 BC and is alleged to have warned Xerxes not to underestimate the Spartans before the Battle of Thermopylae:

Xerxes also asked Demaratus about his knowledge of the Greeks and if they would put up a fight against the Persian army. In response, Demaratus spoke favorably about the Greeks even after he had been deposed and exiled from Sparta:Herodotus. The Landmark Herodotus: the Histories. New York: Pantheon Books, 2007., 6.64, 452

Death and succession

There is no known year for Demaratus' death. Afterward, however, his sons, Eurysthenes and Prokles, succeeded him in ruling over the cities of Halisarna and Teuthrania in Aeolis. This succession maintained the connection between Demaratus' lineage and the city granted to him by the Persian king. His descendants ruled this area for approximately the next 80 years.

Demaratus' family continued to flourish in Asia as subjects of the Persians, and several of his descendants have been identified. One of them was likely Demaratus, the son of Gorgion, who was restored to Sparta in the early 3rd century BC and was, in turn, the putative great-grandfather of Nabis, the last king of Sparta (ruled 207–192).Cartledge, ''Hellenistic and Roman Sparta'', pp. 61, 62.

Greek exiles in Achaemenid Empire

Demaratus was one of several Greeks aristocrats who took refuge in the Achaemenid Empire after reversals at home. Other famous cases were Themistocles and Gongylos. In general, they were generously rewarded by the Achaemenid kings, received land grants to support them and ruled over various cities in Asia Minor.

See also

* Kings of Sparta

References

* Xenophon Anabasis, ii. j. 3, vii. 8. 17
Hellenica
iii. I. 6
* Athenaeus i. 29 f
* Herodotus v. 75, vi. 50–70, vii ;
* Pausanias iii. 4, 3–5, 7, 7–8;
* Diodorus xi. 6;
* Polyaenus ii. 20;
* Seneca the Younger, De benefici-is, Vi. 31, 4–12

Bibliography

* Paul Cartledge & Antony Spawforth, ''Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, A tale of two cities'', London and New York, Routledge, 2002 (originally published in 1989).
*Brenda Griffith-Williams,
The Succession to the Spartan Kingship, 520-400 BC
, ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'', Vol. 54, No. 2 (2011), pp. 43–58".

External links

Demaratus on the Spartan Way of Living

DEMARATUS – Encyclopaedia Iranica

{{Ancient Olympic winners

6th-century BC births
5th-century BC deaths
6th-century BC monarchs
5th-century BC monarchs
6th-century BC Spartans
5th-century BC Spartans
Eurypontid kings of Sparta
Battle of Thermopylae
Ancient Greek emigrants to the Achaemenid Empire
Year of birth unknown
People of the Greco-Persian Wars
Military personnel of the Achaemenid Empire
Vassals of the Achaemenid Empire