Delaware City Refinery
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The Delaware City Refinery, currently owned by Delaware City Refining Corporation, a subsidiary of
PBF Energy PBF Energy Inc. is a petroleum refining and logistics company that produces and sells transportation fuels, heating oils, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, and other petroleum products. The company owns and operated 6 refineries throughout th ...
, is an
oil refinery An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial processes, industrial process Factory, plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refining, refined into products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, Bitumen, asphalt base, ...
in
Delaware City, Delaware Delaware City is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. The population was 1,885 as of 2020. It is a small port town on the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and is the location of the Forts Ferry Crossing to F ...
. When operational it has a total throughput capacity of , and employs around 570 individuals. The refinery was commissioned in 1956 and
Getty Oil Getty Oil Company was an American oil marketing company with its origins as part of the large integrated oil company founded by J. Paul Getty. They went defunct in 2012. History J. Paul Getty incorporated Getty Oil in 1942. He had previously ...
operated it up until 1984, when
Texaco Texaco, Inc. ("The Texas Company") is an American Petroleum, oil brand owned and operated by Chevron Corporation. Its flagship product is its Gasoline, fuel "Texaco with Techron". It also owned the Havoline motor oil brand. Texaco was an Independ ...
bought Getty. In 1988, Star Enterprises, a company started when
Saudi Aramco Saudi Aramco ( ') or Aramco (formerly Arabian-American Oil Company), officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is a majority state-owned petroleum and natural gas company that is the national oil company of Saudi Arabia. , it is the fourth- l ...
bought half interest, took over the refinery until 1998, when
Motiva Enterprises Motiva Enterprises, LLC is an American company that operates as a wholly owned US subsidiary of Saudi Aramco. Headquartered in Houston, Texas, Motiva operates as a distributor of Shell and 76 branded gasolines within its operating territory. ...
, a joint venture between Star (Saudi Aramco) and
Shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses Science Biology * Seashell, a hard outer layer of a marine ani ...
, operated it. Motiva's operation was the most controversial, with many lawsuits resulting from an explosion and many federal emission regulations violations. Premcor Refining Group bought the refinery from Motiva in 2004, but Valero acquired Premcor a year later. On 20 November 2009, the refinery was shut down permanently as part of cost-cutting measures by Valero Energy Corporation. Anticipated economic impacts of the closure include major reductions in tax revenue and retail sales for Delaware City, increased materials acquisition cost for petroleum products re-sellers and an increase to consumer gasoline prices in the longer term. On 25 January 2010,
Petroplus Petroplus Holdings AG was Europe's largest independent oil refiner by capacity. When it was first formed in 1993, it was known as Petroplus International N.V., and was based in the Netherlands. In August 1998, it was listed on the Amsterdam ...
, the largest independent refining company in Europe, announced its interest in buying the refinery. In June 2010, it was announced that the Delaware City Refinery was purchased by PBF Energy Partners for $220 million. The refinery was expected to reopen in Spring 2011. PBF Energy announced that the restart of the refinery was completed successfully on 7 October 2011. The refinery processes heavy sour crude. The refinery occupies more than 5,000 acres of land, making it one of the largest industrial facilities in North America.


Sulfuric acid tank explosion

On July 17, 2001, a 415,000-gallon tank at the Refinery exploded from a spark from carbon-arc welding while holding spent sulfuric acid—a mix of sulfuric acid, water, and hydrocarbons. The explosion resulted in the death of one worker and injuries to others. Over one million gallons of sulfuric acid were released from the tank area, with approximately 100,000 gallons spilling into the Delaware River, leading to the deaths of an estimated 2,400 fish and 240 crabs. The incident was subject to a year-long investigation by the U.S. Chemical Safety Board. The repost found that (excerpted):
Motiva did not have rules to limit high-temperature cutting (welding) that could generate molten metal and sparks from being performed directly above a corroded hazardous storage tank that had holes in its roof and shell and was known to contain flammable vapors. The incident likely would have been prevented if safety management processes had been adequately implemented. Motiva did not consider the tank farm to be covered by the requirements of the OSHA Process Safety Management Standard, which sets safety standards for various chemical operations. The Board recommended that OSHA take steps to include such tanks farms under its regulatory system going forward. There were three root causes of the tragic accident. 1) the company did not have an adequate mechanical integrity management system, 2) there was an inadequate system for managing engineering, and 3) the hot work program was inadequate.
In 2005, Motiva pleaded guilty to the incident and negligently endangering workers at its former refinery. It was sentenced with a $10 million criminal fine and three years of probation. In addition, Motiva agreed to a $12 million settlement for a joint federal-state civil lawsuit due to the explosion. The settlement covered civil penalties, environmental projects, and reimbursement for response costs. Motiva will also funded environmental projects worth over $4 million. Valero, the refinery's next owner, then implemented additional safety measures costing $7.5 million to prevent another incident similar to the Sulfuric Acid Tank explosion. The total settlement, valued at nearly $23.7 million, resolves claims under various federal and state environmental laws, making it one of the largest settlements for such violations in Delaware. The family of the 50-year oil boilermaker who was killed in the incident sued Motiva for its culpability. They won a $36.4 million settlement in 2003.


Units

According to PBF's filings with the US DOE's Energy Information Agency, the unit capacities for the Delaware City Refinery are presented below: Both the fluid coker and the FCC regenerator have independent wet gas scrubbers that were installed for about $200 million per unit in 2005 according to Valero's refinery tour presentation. The refinery is highly complex with a
Nelson Complexity Index The Nelson complexity index (NCI) is a measure to compare the secondary conversion capacity of a petroleum refinery with the primary distillation capacity. The index provides an easy metric for quantifying and ranking the complexity of various ...
of 13.6. In 2020, due to the impact of COVID on the business causing serious financial distress, PBF sold the hydrogen plant at Delaware City to
Air Products and Chemicals Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. is a U.S.-based international corporation whose principal business is selling gases and chemicals for industrial use. Air Products is headquartered in Trexlertown, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of east ...
. The sale was part of a 3-refinery hydrogen plant transaction and netted $530 million for PBF.


Emissions performance

As a major emitting facility, The PBF Delaware City Refinery and Petrochemical Site must report its complete greenhouse gas emissions to the EPA every year subject to the EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program.


Permits


Other

The refinery is active in its community and donated $218,000 to charities and non-profits in 2023. In 2021, the refinery fundraiser generated $140,000 for donation to 16 local charities.


References

{{reflist Energy infrastructure completed in 1956 Delaware City, Delaware Oil refineries in the United States Energy infrastructure in Delaware Buildings and structures in New Castle County, Delaware