Deinothere

Deinotheriidae ("terrible beasts") is a family of prehistoric elephant-like proboscideans that lived during the Cenozoic era, first appearing in Africa during the Oligocene then spreading across Europe and the lower latitudes of Asia during the Miocene epoch. Their most distinctive features were their lack of upper tusks and downward-curving tusks on the lower jaw.

Deinotheres were not very diverse; the only three known genera are '' Chilgatherium'', ''Prodeinotherium'', and ''Deinotherium''. These form an evolutionary succession, with each new genus replacing the preceding one. Deinotheres were relatively conservative and showed little morphological change over their evolution, aside from a progressive increase in body size. Some species of ''Deinotherium'' are among the largest known land mammals ever, considerably exceeding modern elephants in size. The last members of ''Deinotherium'' persisted until the end of the Early Pleistocene in Africa, around 1 million years ago.

Description

The body shape and proportions of deinotheres were very much like those of modern elephants. The legs were long, like modern elephants, but the skull was rather flatter than that of true elephants. The upper jaw lacked incisor and canine teeth, but possessed five low-crowned molars on each side, with the same number in the lower jaw. Deinotheres used their front teeth for crushing their food, and the back teeth for shearing (slicing) the plant material. The front part of the lower jaw was turned downwards and bore the two tusk-like incisors. These curved downwards and backwards in a sort of huge hook and constituted the most distinct feature of the deinotheres. The tusks were used to strip vegetation rather than for digging.

While the earliest deinothere ''Chilgatherium'' probably weighed only around and was less than tall, some species of ''Deinotherium'' represent among the largest known proboscideans, with shoulder heights of over and body masses around , considerably exceeding living African bush elephants in body size, making them among the largest land mammals ever.

Ecology

Deinotheres were "shearing browsers" adapted for feeding on plants above ground level. The way they chewed their food was probably similar to that of modern tapirs, with the front teeth being used to crush the food, while the second and third molars have a strong vertical shearing action, with little lateral (side-to-side) movement. This chewing action differs from both that of gomphotheres (lateral grinding) and elephants (horizontal shearing). Deinothere molars show little wear, indicating a diet of soft, non-gritty, forest vegetation, with the down-turned lower tusks being used for stripping bark or other vegetation.

''Deinotherium giganteum'' has a more elongated lower fore limb than early and middle Miocene ''Prodeinotherium'', indicating a more efficient stride as an adaptation to the spread of savannas in Europe during the late Miocene. Deinotheres probably migrated from forest to forest, traversing the wide and (to them) useless grasslands.

Evolutionary history

Deinotheriids are thought to have diverged away from the ancestors of Elephantiformes during the Eocene, over 40 millon years ago, based on the presence of primitive Elephantiformes in Lutetian deposits. Phylogeny of Proboscidea showing placement of Deinotheriidae, following Hautier et al. 2021:The oldest known deinothere is '' Chilgatherium harrisi'' from the late Oligocene, around 27-28 million years ago. Its fossil remains have been found in the district of Chilga in Ethiopia (hence the name). It is primarily known from tooth remains.Sanders, W.J., Kappelman, J., and Rasmussen, D.T. 2004
New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia
''Acta Palaeontologica Polonica'' 49: 365–392.

By the early Miocene, deinotheres had grown to the size of a small elephant and had migrated to Eurasia. Several species are known, all belonging to the genus ''Prodeinotherium''.

During the late middle Miocene, these modest-seized proboscideans were replaced by much larger forms across Eurasia. In Europe, ''Prodeinotherium bavaricum'' appeared in the early Miocene mammal faunal zone MN 4, but was soon replaced by ''Deinotherium giganteum'' in the middle Miocene. Likewise in Asia, ''Prodeinotherium'' is known from the early Miocene strata in the Bugti Hills, and continued into the middle Miocene Chinji Formation, where it was replaced by ''D. indicum''.

While these Miocene deinotheres were dispersed widely and evolved to huge elephant sizes, they were not as common as the contemporary (but smaller) Elephantoidea. Fossil remains of this age are known from the France, Germany, Greece, Malta, and northern India and Pakistan. These consist chiefly of teeth and the bones of the skull.

After the extinction of the paraceratheres at the Oligocene-Miocene transition, the deinotheres were (and remained) the largest animals walking the Earth.

The late Miocene was the heyday of the giant deinotheres. ''D. giganteum'' was common from Vallesian and Turolian localities in Europe. ''Prodeinotherium'', which was reasonably well represented in the early Miocene of Africa, was succeeded by ''D. bozasi'' at the beginning of the late Miocene. And in Asia, ''D. indicum'' was most common in the late-Miocene Dhok Pathan Formation.

Fossil teeth of ''D. giganteum'', from the late-Miocene Sinap Formation at the Turkish site of Kayadibi are larger than those from older localities, such as Eppelsheim, Wissberg, and Montredon, indicating a tendency for increasing size of members of the species over time. These were the biggest animals of their day, protected from both predators and rival herbivores by virtue of their huge bulk. The largest mammoths did not approach them in size until the Pleistocene.

With the end of the Miocene, deinothere fortunes declined. ''D. indicum'' died out about 7 million years ago, possibly driven to extinction by the same process of climate change that had previously eliminated the even more enormous ''Paraceratherium''. While in Europe, ''D. giganteum'' continued, albeit with dwindling numbers, until the middle Pliocene; the most recent specimen is from Romania.

In its original African homeland, ''Deinotherium'' continued to flourish throughout the Pliocene, and fossils have been uncovered at several of the African sites where remains of hominids have also been found.

The last deinothere species to become extinct was ''D. bozasi''. The youngest known specimens are from the Kanjera Formation, Kenya, about 1 million years ago (early Pleistocene). The causes of the extinction of such a successful and long-lived animal are not known, although a small number of other species of African megafauna also died out at this time.

References

Further reading

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* "Dinotherium", 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

{{Taxonbar, from=Q522589

Plesielephantiformes
Chattian first appearances
Pleistocene extinctions
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
Prehistoric mammal families

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