degree of ionization

The degree of ionization (also known as ''ionization yield'' in the literature) refers to the proportion of neutral particles, such as those in a gas or aqueous solution, that are ionized. For electrolytes, it could be understood as a capacity of acid/base to ionize itself. A low degree of ionization is sometimes called ''partially ionized'' (also ''weakly ionized''), and a high degree of ionization as ''fully ionized''. However, fully ionized can also mean that an ion has no electrons left.

Ionization refers to the process whereby an atom or molecule loses one or several electrons from its atomic orbital, or conversely gains an additional one, from an incoming free electron (electron attachment). In both cases, the atom or molecule ceases to be a neutral particle and becomes a charge carrier. If the species has lost one or several electrons, it becomes positively charged and is called a positive ion, or cation. On the contrary, if the species has gained one or several additional electrons, it becomes negatively charged and is called a negative ion, or anion. Individual free electrons and ions in a plasma have very short lives typically inferior to the microsecond, as ionization and recombination, excitation and relaxation are collective continuous processes.

Chemistry usage

The degree of dissociation ''α'' (also known as degree of ionization), is a way of representing the strength of an acid. It is defined as the ratio of the number of ionized molecules and the number of molecules dissolved in water. It can be represented as a decimal number or as a percentage. One can classify strong acids as those having ionization degrees above 30%, weak acids as those with ''α'' below 30%, and the rest as moderate acids, at a specified molar concentration.

Physics usage

In plasma, the degree of ionization $\alpha$ refers to the proportion of neutral particles that are ionized:

:$\alpha = \frac$

where $n_i$ is the ion density and $n_n$ the neutral density (in particles per cubic meter). It is a dimensionless number, sometimes expressed as a percentage.

When referred to an atom, "fully ionized" means that there are no bound electrons left, resulting in a bare nucleus.
A particular case of fully ionized gases are very hot thermonuclear plasmas, such as plasmas artificially produced in nuclear explosions or naturally formed in our Sun and all stars in the universe. Regular stars largely contain hydrogen and helium that are fully ionized into protons (H⁺) and alpha-particles (He²⁺).

History

Ionized matter was first identified in a discharge tube (or Crookes tube), and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 (he called it "radiant matter"). The nature of the Crookes tube "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identified by English physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897, and dubbed "plasma" by Irving Langmuir in 1928,I. Langmuir,
Oscillations in ionized gases
" ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.'', vol. 14, p. 628, 1928 perhaps because it reminded him of a blood plasma.G. L. Rogoff, Ed., ''IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science'', vol. 19, p. 989, Dec. 1991. See extract at {{cite web , url=http://www.plasmacoalition.org/what.htm , title=Coalition for Plasma Science - What is a plasma? , accessdate=2006-05-24 , url-status=dead , archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420130322/http://www.plasmacoalition.org/what.htm , archivedate=20 April 2006

See also

* List of plasma physics articles

Footnotes

Plasma physics
Ions
Physical chemistry