Defiance (2008 Film)

''Defiance'' is a 2008 American war film directed by Edward Zwick, and starring Daniel Craig as Tuvia Bielski, Liev Schreiber as Zus Bielski, Jamie Bell as Asael Bielski, and George MacKay as Aron Bielski. Set during the occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany, the film's screenplay by Clayton Frohman and Zwick was based on Nechama Tec's 1993 book ''Defiance: The Bielski Partisans'', an account of the eponymous group led by Polish Jewish brothers who saved and recruited Jews in Belarus during World War II.

The film was released in select cinemas in the United States on December 31, 2008, followed by general release worldwide in January 2009.

Plot

In August 1941, several weeks after Nazi Germany launched its invasion into USSR, sweep behind the relentlessly advancing German forces across the occupied parts of western Soviet Union, systematically exterminating the Jewish population. Among the Jewish survivors not staying in German-enforced ghettoes are the Bielski brothers: Tuvia, Zus, Asael and Aron. Their parents are killed by local under orders from the German occupiers. The brothers flee to the Naliboki forest, where they encounter other Jewish escapees hiding in the woods and take them under their protection. Tuvia kills the chief responsible for his parents' deaths. The Bielski's then encounter Jewish escapees who informed Zeus of his wife and childs death.

Over the next year, a growing number of Jewish refugees join the Bielskis. Tuvia lays down the rules that everyone must work and pregnancy was forbidden. Their group raids local farms for food and supplies, stage raids on the Germans and their collaborators, and move their camp whenever they are discovered. Mounting casualties cause Tuvia, the oldest brother, to reconsider their approach in order to minimize the loss of Jewish lives, whilst his younger brother Zus is in favour of more militant and daring operations. As winter approaches, disagreement between the two eldest brothers comes to a head and Zus leaves the camp with several of his followers to join a local company of Soviet partisans, while Tuvia remains in charge of the Jewish camp. An arrangement is made between the two groups in which the Soviet partisans agree to protect the Jewish camp in exchange for supplies. Zus, later, has to confront Commander Panchenko about antisemitism within his ranks after one of his men was assaulted for using the Russian latrine. Asael later marries Chaya in the forest.

Tuvia's group suffer a winter of sickness, starvation, growing discontent and an attempted mutiny, in which Tuvia had to sacrifice his horse to feed his people. Arkady, a known refugee and bully, assaults Asael and declares himself leader, but is shot and killed by Tuvia. Later, Tuvia learns one of the ladies was hiding their pregnancy and considered kicking the woman out but Lilka convinced him otherwise, pointing out the woman was raped by the Nazis. The camp learns that the Germans are about to attack them in force at Easter as they captured a German soldier. The angry mob took their frustration out on the soldier by beating him to death. The Soviet partisans decide to retreat eastward, but Zus is unwilling to comply with the order of the partisan leader to follow their retreat. Tuvia's group prepares to evacuate the camp on Easter eve when Stukas bomb them. A delaying force stays behind, led by Asael, to slow down the German infantry, but their defense does not last long, with only Asael and one other member surviving to rejoin the rest of the group, who are confronted at the edge of the forest with a seemingly impassable marsh. They cross the marsh with Shimon Haretz as the only casualty but are immediately attacked by a German platoon supported by a Panzer III tank. Just as all seems lost, the Germans are assaulted from the rear by Zus and his force, who have deserted the Soviet partisans to rejoin the Jewish group.

The film's closing intertitles inform the viewer that the Bielski partisans lived in the forest for another two years and grew to a total of 1,200 Jews, building a hospital, a nursery and a school. Asael joined the Red Army and was killed in action six months later; Zus, Tuvia and Aron survived the war and emigrated to the United States to form a small trucking business in New York City. The epilogue also states that the Bielski brothers never sought recognition for what they did and that the descendants of the people they saved now number tens of thousands.

Cast

Production

Zwick began writing a script for ''Defiance'' in 1999 after acquiring film rights to Tec's book. He developed the project under the banner of his production company Bedford Falls Productions, and the project was financed by the London-based company Grosvenor Park Productions with a budget of $32 million.

Paramount Vantage acquired the rights to distribute ''Defiance'' in the United States and Canada.

In May 2007, Daniel Craig was cast in the lead role. The following August, Schreiber, Bell, Davalos, and Arana were cast. Production began in early September 2007 so that Craig could complete filming ''Defiance'' in time for reprising his role as James Bond in '' Quantum of Solace''.

''Defiance'' was filmed in three months in Lithuania, just across the border from Belarus. Co-producer Pieter Jan Brugge felt the shooting locations, between 150 and 200 kilometres from the actual sites, lent authenticity to the film; some local extras were descendants of the Jewish families rescued by the Bielski partisans.

Reception

Box office

''Defiance'' made $128,000 during its two weeks of limited release in New York City and Los Angeles. It made $10 million during its first weekend of wide release in the United States.

By the end of its box office run, the film made approximately $52 million worldwide.

Critical response

Critic A. O. Scott of ''The New York Times'' called the film "stiff, musclebound". He said Zwick "wields his camera with a heavy hand, punctuating nearly every scene with emphatic nods, smiles or grimaces as the occasion requires. His pen is, if anything, blunter still, with dialogue that crashes down on the big themes like a blacksmith's hammer". Scott also said the film unfairly implied that "if only more of the Jews living in Nazi-occupied Europe had been as tough as the Bielskis, more would have survived".Review in ''The New York Times''
from December 31, 2008 The review adds that "in setting out to overturn historical stereotypes of Jewish passivity ...(the film) ends up affirming them." Zwick responded: "It is a tribute to honor and luck, and to help other people escape it is an honor. But the fact that you don't escape it is not a negative verdict on your honor."

''The New Yorker'' critic David Denby praised the film, saying: "it makes instant emotional demands, and those who respond to it, as I did, are likely to go all the way and even come out of it feeling slightly stunned." Denby also praised the cast's performances, which he described as "a kind of realistic fairy tale set in a forest newly enchanted by the sanctified work of staying alive."

Accolades

On January 22, 2009, the film received a nomination for an Academy Award in the category of Best Original Score for its soundtrack by James Newton Howard.

''Defiance'' was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for 2008.

Controversies about historical inaccuracies

In one of the film's scenes, it is stated that there may be an epidemic of typhus amongst the Bielski partisans and that ampicillin is needed for treating the infection - which is historically inaccurate, because ampicillin was not discovered until 1958.

A review by '' Armchair General'' magazine cited the book ''Women in the Holocaust'' by Dalia Ofer and Lenore Weitzman, to argue that in reality the Bielskis were less egalitarian than suggested by the film, and that "the fighters had the first pick among women for sexual partners." Zwick responded to the criticism by saying that ''Defiance'' is not a simple fight between good and evil. He told ''The Times'': "The Bielskis weren't saints. They were flawed heroes, which is what makes them so real and so fascinating. They faced any number of difficult moral dilemmas that the movie seeks to dramatise: Does one have to become a monster to fight monsters? Does one have to sacrifice his humanity to save humanity?"

Nechama Tec, on whose book the film is based, stated in an interview with '' Rzeczpospolita'' that she was initially shocked by the film, especially by the intense battle scenes including combat with a German tank. These never occurred in reality as the partisans tried to avoid open combat and were focused on survival. She explained the treatment of historical events in the film as a concession made by its director and producers in order to make the film more thrilling and to obtain the necessary funding from Hollywood. Nevertheless, after seeing the film a number of times, Tec said that she was liking it "more and more". Zwick said Adolf Hitler had sent two German divisions into the forest to search for the partisans, but they were unable to locate them.

Poland

''The Times'' and ''The Guardian'' reported that Poles feel that "Hollywood has airbrushed out some unpleasant episodes from the story", such as the Bielski partisans' alleged affiliation with Soviet partisans directed by the NKVD, who committed atrocities against Poles in eastern Poland, including the region where the Bielski group operated. '' Gazeta Wyborcza'' reported six months before the film's release that "News about a movie glorifying he Bielskishave caused an uproar among Polish historians", who referred to the Bielskis as "Jewish-Communist bandits". The newspaper commented that it "departed from the truth on several occasions", including depicting pre-war Nowogrodek as a Belarusian town where "no one speaks Polish", "there are only good Soviet partisans and bad Germans", and " Polish partisans are missing from the film altogether".
The True Story of the Bielski Brothers
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', '' Gazeta Wyborcza'', January 6, 2009Nazywam się Bielski, Tewje Bielski
y name is Bielski, Tewje Bielski ''Gazeta Wyborcza'', January 22, 2009

According to ''The Guardian'', the movie was booed at some cinemas and banned from others due to a "local perception that it is a rewriting of history and anti-Polish"."Jewish resistance film sparks Polish anger"
''The Guardian''. March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2010. On March 11, 2009, the Polish Embassy in London disputed the report, stating: "This embassy has been in touch with ''Defiances only distributor in Poland, Monolith Plus, and we have been told that this film has not experienced any form of booing, let alone been banned by any cinemas." The wave of criticism against the film led to charges that the anger was fueled by antisemitism.

Belarus

Most reviewers from Belarus criticized the film for a complete absence of the Belarusian language and for the Soviet partisans singing a Belarusian folk song while in actuality they would have more likely been singing Russian songs.

"The word ''Belarusian'' is spoken out only three times in the movie", the newspaper '' Komsomolskaya Pravda v Belorussii'' wrote. Veterans of the Soviet partisan resistance in Belarus criticised the film for inaccuracies.

Some Belorussian reviews, as in Poland, criticised the film for ignoring the Bielski partisans' crimes against the local population.Галівудзкае беларускае кіно [A Hollywood movie about Belarus]
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See also

* List of Holocaust films"> Hollywood movie about Belarus]">Галівудзкае беларускае кіно [A Hollywood movie about Belarus]
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See also

* List of Holocaust films
* Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
* ''In Darkness (2011 film), In Darkness'', 2011 Polish film dramatising Leopold Socha, a sewage worker in the then Polish city of Lviv, Lwów, who sheltered Jews in the city's sewer system
* Koniuchy massacre
* Naliboki massacre

References

External links

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''Defiance''
at Metacritic
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''Defiance'' at Baltic Film Services
* at Interviews from the Underground (from site resources)
* from th
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

{{DEFAULTSORT:Defiance
2008 films
Action films based on actual events
2000s English-language films
2000s Russian-language films
2000s war films
American war films
Eastern Front of World War II films
World War II films based on actual events
Films directed by Edward Zwick
Films set in Belarus
Films set in the 1940s
Films shot in Lithuania
Holocaust films
Paramount Vantage films
Films scored by James Newton Howard
2000s American films
Films about Jewish resistance during the Holocaust
Historical negationism
English-language war films