Deer botfly

The name deer botfly (also deer nose botfly) refers to any species in the genus ''Cephenemyia'' (sometimes misspelled as ''Cephenomyia'' or ''Cephenemya''), within the family Oestridae. They are large, gray-brown flies, often very accurate mimics of bumblebees. They attack chiefly the nostrils and pharyngeal cavity of members of the deer family. The larva of ''Cephenemyia auribarbis'', infesting the stag, is called a stagworm. The genus name comes from the Greek , meaning 'drone bee', and , meaning 'fly'.

Description

The larval stages of ''Cephenemyia'' are obligate parasites of cervids. Eggs hatch in the uterus of the female. She then flies close to the head of her host species and while hovering ejects her larvae into its nostrils. Larvae migrate to the base of the animal's tongue, where they mature in clusters to a size of . After being ejected by the host, they pupate in soil (2 to 3 weeks) before emerging as a sexually-mature but non-feeding adult, which must quickly find a mate, since their lifespan is short.

Aristotle (384 BC–322 BC) described deer botfly larvae as follows:

Distribution

Species found in the United States include ''C. apicata'', ''C. jellisoni'', ''C. phobifer'', ''C. pratti'', and ''C. trompe''.

In Scandinavia, the only species present are ''C. trompe'', ''C. ulrichii'', and ''C. stimulator''. Other European species include ''C. auribarbis'' and ''C. pratti''.

Flying speed

It was reported for many years that ''Cephenemyia'' was the fastest of all flying insects, cited by ''The New York Times'' and ''Guinness Book of World Records'' as traveling at speeds of over . (For comparison, the speed of sound in air is .) The source of this extraordinary claim was an article by entomologist Charles Henry Tyler Townsend in the 1927 ''Journal of the New York Entomological Society'', wherein Townsend claimed to have estimated a speed of 400 yards per second while observing ''Cephenemyia pratti'' at in New Mexico.

In 1938 Irving Langmuir, recipient of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, examined the claim in detail and refuted the estimate. Among his specific criticisms were:

* To maintain a velocity of 800 miles per hour, the fly would have had to consume more than 150% of its body weight in food every second;
* The fly would have produced an audible sonic boom;
* The supersonic fly would have been invisible to the naked eye; and
* The impact trauma of such a fly colliding with a human body would resemble that of a gunshot wound.

Using the original report as a basis, Langmuir estimated the deer botfly's true speed at a more plausible . ''Time'' magazine published an article in 1938 debunking Townsend's calculations.Botfly Debunked - Time.
March 21, 1938.

References

External links

Northern Land Use Institute @ University of Northern British Columbia - Prince George, BC, Canada.


State of Michigan, Department of Natural Resources.

Nasal Bots in Deer: Harmless but Irritating.
Nan K. Huff, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.

The World Oestridae (Diptera), Mammals and Continental Drift

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deer Botfly
Oestridae
Parasitic flies
Diptera of North America