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Jean-Baptiste Debret (; 18 April 1768 – 28 June 1848) was a French
As a painter favored first by the Portuguese court in exile and later by the imperial court in Rio, Debret was often commissioned to paint
File:Loja de Sapateiro Aquarela Jac by Jean-Baptiste Debret 1820-1830.jpg, ''Loja de Sapateiro (Shoe Shop)'', before 1830
File:Famille d’un Chef Camacan se préparant pour une Fête.jpg, ''Famille d’un Chef Camacan se préparant pour une Fête'', c. 1820-1830
File:Debretberimbau.jpg, Uruncungo Player
File:L'Exécution de la Punition de Fouet by Jean-Baptiste Debret.jpg, “L’exécution de la Punition du Fouet” (“Execution of the Punishment of the Whip”)
File:A Brazilian family in Rio de Janeiro by Jean-Baptiste Debret 1839.jpg, Family dining
File:Slavery in Brazil, by Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848).jpg, “Feitors corrigeant des nègres” (“Plantation overseers disciplining blacks”)
File:E70 p22.jpg, Black women (1835)
File:Debret2.jpg,
Facsimile of the 3 books
color, black& white) and scans of 250 lithographs
{{DEFAULTSORT:Debret, Jean Baptiste Painters from Paris 1768 births 1848 deaths Burials at Montmartre Cemetery 18th-century French painters French male painters 19th-century French painters Painters at the Portuguese royal court Brazilian art Pupils of Jacques-Louis David 18th-century French male artists Missão Artística Francesa 18th-century French lithographers 19th-century French lithographers
painter
Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...
, who produced many valuable lithograph
Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the miscibility, immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by ...
s depicting the people of Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
. Debret won the second prize at the 1798 Salon des Beaux Arts.
Biography
Debret studied at the French Academy of Fine Arts, a pupil of the greatJacques-Louis David
Jacques-Louis David (; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassicism, Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s, his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in ...
(1748–1825) to whom he was related. He accompanied David to Rome in the 1780s. His debut was at the Salon des Beaux Arts of 1798, where he got the second prize.
He travelled to Brazil in March 1816 as a member of the so-called French Artistic Mission, a group of bonapartist
Bonapartism () is the political ideology supervening from Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors. The term was used in the narrow sense to refer to people who hoped to restore the House of Bonaparte and its style of government. In ...
French artists and artisans bound to creating an arts and crafts lyceum
The lyceum is a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe. The definition varies among countries; usually it is a type of secondary school. Basic science and some introduction to ...
in Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
(Escola Real de Artes e Ofícios) under the auspices of King D. João VI and the Count of Barca. The lyceum later became the Academia Imperial de Belas Artes (Imperial Academy of Fine Arts) under Emperor Dom Pedro I.
As a painter favored first by the Portuguese court in exile and later by the imperial court in Rio, Debret was often commissioned to paint portrait
A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face is always predominant. In arts, a portrait may be represented as half body and even full body. If the subject in full body better r ...
s of many of its members, such as Portuguese king Dom João VI and the Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria, the first empress of Brazil, who married D. Pedro I (Debret was commissioned to produce a painting of her arrival for the marriage at the Rio port, as well as the public acclaiming of the new Emperor). He established his atelier
An atelier () is the private workshop or studio of a professional artist in the fine or decorative arts or an architect, where a principal master and a number of assistants, students, and apprentices can work together producing fine art or vi ...
at the Imperial Academy in December 1822 and became a valued teacher
A teacher, also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator, is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence, or virtue, via the practice of teaching.
''Informally'' the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone (e.g. w ...
in 1826. In 1829 Debret organized the first arts exhibition ever to take place in Brazil, in which he presented many of his works as well as of his disciples. Emulating David's role during the French Empire, Debret was also involved in the drawing ornaments for many of public ceremonies and official festivities of the court and even some of the courtier's uniforms are credited to him.
He corresponded frequently with his brother in Paris. After noticing his brother's interest in his depiction of everyday life in Brazil, he started to sketch street scenes, local costumes and relations of the Brazilians in the period between 1816 and 1831. He took a particular interest in slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...
of blacks and in the indigenous peoples in Brazil
Indigenous peoples in Brazil or Native Brazilians () are the peoples who lived in Brazil before European contact around 1500 and their descendants. Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples once comprised an estimated 2,000 distric ...
. Together with the German painter Johann Moritz Rugendas (1802–1858), his work is one of the most important graphic documentation of life in Brazil during the early decades of the 19th century.
Debret returned to France in 1831 and became a member of the Academie des Beaux Arts. From 1834 to 1839 he published his monumental series of three volumes of engravings, titled ''Voyage Pittoresque et Historique au Brésil, ou Séjour d'un Artiste Français au Brésil'' ("A Picturesque and Historic Voyage to Brazil, or the Sojourn of a French Artist in Brazil").
Unfortunately the work was not a commercial success. In order to survive, he made lithographs depicting paintings by his distant cousin David, but the editions were very limited and money was short. Debret died poor in Paris in 1848.
Gallery
Charrúa
The Charrúa are an Indigenous people or Indigenous Nation of the Southern Cone in present-day Uruguay and the adjacent areas in Argentina ( Entre Ríos) and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul). They were a semi-nomadic people who sustained themselves ...
warrior
File:Debret - Carga de cavalaria guaicuru.jpg, ''Carga de Cavalaria Guaicuru'', 1822
File:Caboclo by Jean-Baptiste Debret 1834 2FXD.jpg, ''Caboclo'', 1834
File:Debret - Chefe Camacan Mongoyo.jpg, ''Chefe Camacan Mongoyo'', c. 1834-1839
File:Debret3.jpg, ''A family of Native Americans''
File:Le Signal de Combat - Coroados (Bororo).jpg, ''Battle signal of the Coroados'', c. 1834-1839
File:Le Signal de la Retraite - Coroados (Bororos).jpg, ''Retreat Signal of the Coroados'', c. 1834-1839
File:L'Exécution de la Punition de Fouet et Negres ao Tronco by Jean-Baptiste Debret.jpg, ''L'Exécution de la Punition du Fouet'' (top) ''Nègres ào Tronco'' (bottom), before 1830
References
External links
Facsimile of the 3 books
color, black& white) and scans of 250 lithographs
{{DEFAULTSORT:Debret, Jean Baptiste Painters from Paris 1768 births 1848 deaths Burials at Montmartre Cemetery 18th-century French painters French male painters 19th-century French painters Painters at the Portuguese royal court Brazilian art Pupils of Jacques-Louis David 18th-century French male artists Missão Artística Francesa 18th-century French lithographers 19th-century French lithographers