Dawson's Caribou
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Dawson's caribou, also known as the Queen Charlotte Islands caribou (''Rangifer tarandus dawsoni'') was a population of woodland caribou that once lived on
Graham Island Graham Island () is the largest island in the Haida Gwaii archipelago (previously known as the Queen Charlotte Islands), lying off the mainland coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is separated by the narrow Skidegate Channel from the other pr ...
, the largest of the islands within the
Haida Gwaii Haida Gwaii (; / , literally "Islands of the Haida people"), previously known as the Queen Charlotte Islands, is an archipelago located between off the British Columbia Coast, northern Pacific coast in the Canadian province of British Columbia ...
archipelago, located off the coast of
British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Situated in the Pacific Northwest between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that ...
,
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
.Byun, S.A.; B.F. Koop, and T.E. Reimchen. (2002). Evolution of the Dawson caribou (''Rangifer tarandus dawsoni''). ''Can. J. Zool.'' 80(5): 956–960. . NRC Canada.


Description


Discovery

The Haida Gwaii archipelago has been inhabited by
indigenous people There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territ ...
for thousands of years. Despite this, it is not reported that the indigenous population had much, if any, knowledge of the caribou, likely due to the two inhabiting different parts of Graham Island. The first known written record of the Dawson's caribou came from
George Mercer Dawson George Mercer Dawson (August 1, 1849 – March 2, 1901) was a Canadian geologist and surveyor. He performed many early explorations in western North America and compiled numerous records of the native peoples. Biography He was born in ...
, a member of the
Geological Survey of Canada The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC; , CGC) is a Canadian federal government agency responsible for performing geological surveys of the country developing Canada's natural resources and protecting the environment. A branch of the Earth Science ...
, who mentioned the animal in a 1878 report on the islands, initially mistaking it for a type of
elk The elk (: ''elk'' or ''elks''; ''Cervus canadensis'') or wapiti, is the second largest species within the deer family, Cervidae, and one of the largest terrestrial mammals in its native range of North America and Central and East Asia. ...
. Dawson eventually brought news of the caribou to
Ernest Thompson Seton Ernest Thompson Seton (born Ernest Evan Thompson; August 14, 1860 – October 23, 1946) was a Canadian and American author, wildlife artist, founder of the Woodcraft Indians in 1902 (renamed Woodcraft League of America), and one of the foun ...
, an author and wildlife artist, who officially described the animal in 1900 and named it in Dawson's honour.


Appearance

The subject of the coat colour of the Dawson's caribou is a matter of some contention. While often described as pale with few to no markings, which would be typical of an insular
ungulate Ungulates ( ) are members of the diverse clade Euungulata ("true ungulates"), which primarily consists of large mammals with Hoof, hooves. Once part of the clade "Ungulata" along with the clade Paenungulata, "Ungulata" has since been determined ...
, this description is likely based on aged museum skins, as the remains of recently killed individuals photographed in 1908 appear darker in colour. The Dawson's caribou is also described as smaller than its mainland counterpart, which is likely due to
insular dwarfism Insular dwarfism, a form of phyletic dwarfism, is the process and condition of large animals evolving or having a reduced body size when their population's range is limited to a small environment, primarily islands. This natural process is disti ...
, another trait common in insular ungulates. Some sources report both sexes as having antlers, while others state females were antlerless. In both cases, the antlers themselves are described as reduced in size, in comparison to mainland caribou, and remarkably abnormal in shape.


Ecology

The Dawson's caribou was the largest
herbivorous A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically evolved to feed on plants, especially upon vascular tissues such as foliage, fruits or seeds, as the main component of its diet. These more broadly also encompass animals that eat n ...
land mammal native to the Haida Gwaii archipelago. They were said to only be found on the plateau around Virago Sound, located in the north of the island, inhabiting
muskeg Muskeg (; ; , lit. ''moss bog'') is a peat-forming ecosystem found in several northern climates, most commonly in Arctic and boreal ecosystem, boreal areas. Muskeg is approximately synonymous with bogland, bog or peatland, and is a standard te ...
s and open woodland. The only carnivore the caribou would have had to contend with would have been the Haida Gwaii black bear, which still survives on the islands today.


Genetics

Once thought to represent a unique subspecies of woodland caribou, a 2002 study that analysed
mtDNA Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the DNA contained in ...
found Dawson's caribou to not be genetically distinct from the subspecies on the Canadian mainland.


Extirpation

Given the small size and isolation of the Dawson's caribou population, even minor changes in their environment could have presented considerable pressure to their continued survival. The introduction of
black-tailed deer Black-tailed deer or blacktail deer occupy coastal regions of western North America. There are two subspecies, the Columbian black-tailed deer (''Odocoileus hemionus columbianus'') which ranges from the Pacific Northwest of the United States and ...
to Graham Island took place on multiple occasions between 1878 and 1925, and could have potentially played a role in the caribou's demise through competition for resources and the spread of disease.
Clearcutting Clearcutting, clearfelling or clearcut logging is a forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. Along with Shelterwood cutting, shelterwood and Seed tree, seed tree harvests, it is used by foresters t ...
was occurring on the island around this time as well, and along with providing further feeding opportunities for the introduced black-tailed deer, which in turn helped bolster their numbers, it is possible the destruction of woodland negatively affected the caribou directly via
habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss or habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved elsewhere, or are dead, leading to a decrease ...
. Dawson's caribou were hunted by both indigenous people and European settlers for their pelts, as part of the fur trade, which presented another threat to the population. The last definite sighting of a live Dawson's caribou occurred on November 1, 1908, when a small group was observed, this included a pair of adult bulls, one cow and a calf. The animals showed little fear and stood quite still. One by one, except for the calf, all three animals were shot and killed. The orphaned calf meanwhile, was spared in the same year, but without the care of its parents, it died soon after. Their remains, one of which represents the only mounted specimen known to exist, now reside in the collection of the Royal BC Museum in
Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Queen Victoria (1819–1901), Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India * Victoria (state), a state of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, a provincial capital * Victoria, Seychelles, the capi ...
. While caribou tracks were discovered as recently as 1935, the exact age of the hoof prints is not known, and it is likely the population was fully extirpated by the end of the decade, if not earlier.


References


External links


Mammal Fact Sheets:Caribou
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3022131 Mammals of Canada Reindeer Mammal extinctions since 1500 Extinct animals of Canada Haida Gwaii Subspecies