Danish Resistance Movement
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The Danish resistance movements () were an underground insurgency to resist the German
occupation of Denmark At the outset of World War II in September 1939, Denmark declared itself Neutral countries in World War II, neutral, but that neutrality did not prevent Nazi Germany from Military occupation, occupying the country soon after the outbreak of ...
during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. Due to the initially lenient arrangements, in which the
Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
occupation authority allowed the democratic government to stay in power, the resistance movement was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in some other countries. Members of the Danish resistance movement were involved in underground activities, ranging from producing illegal publications to
spying Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering, as a subfield of the intelligence field, is the act of obtaining secret or Confidentiality, confidential information (Intelligence (information), intelligence). A person who commits espionage on ...
and
sabotage Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, government, effort, or organization through subversion, obstruction, demoralization (warfare), demoralization, destabilization, divide and rule, division, social disruption, disrupti ...
. The resistance was responsible for the rescue of almost all Danish Jews. Major groups included the communist BOPA (, Civil Partisans) and Holger Danske, both based in
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the Urban area of Copenhagen, urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the ...
. Some small resistance groups such as the Samsing Group and the Churchill Club also contributed to the sabotage effort. Resistance agents killed an estimated 400 Danish Nazis, informers and collaborators until 1944. After that date, they also killed some German nationals. In the postwar period, the Resistance was supported by politicians within Denmark and there was little effort to closely examine the killings. Studies in the late 20th and early 21st centuries revealed cases of improvised and contingent decision making about the targets, including morally ambiguous choices. Several important books and films have been produced on this topic.


Nonviolent resistance: 1940–1943


The "model protectorate"

During the invasion of Denmark on April 9, 1940 and subsequent occupation, the Danish king and government chose not to flee the country and instead collaborated with the German authorities who allowed the Danish government to remain in power. The Germans had reasons to do so, especially as they wanted to showcase Denmark as a "model
protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a State (polity), state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over ...
", earning the nickname ''the Cream Front'' (), due to the relative ease of the occupation and copious amount of dairy products. As the democratically elected Danish government remained in power, Danish citizens had less motivation to fight the occupation than in countries where the Germans established puppet governments, such as
Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...
or
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
. The
police The police are Law enforcement organization, a constituted body of Law enforcement officer, people empowered by a State (polity), state with the aim of Law enforcement, enforcing the law and protecting the Public order policing, public order ...
also remained under Danish authority and led by Danes. Daily life in Denmark remained much the same as before the occupation. The Germans did make certain changes: imposing official
censorship Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governmen ...
, prohibiting dealings with the Allies, and stationing German troops in the country. The Danish government actively discouraged violent resistance because it feared a severe backlash from the Germans against the civilian population.


Resistance groups

Immediately after the occupation began, isolated attempts were made to set up resistance and intelligence activities. Intelligence officers from the Danish army, known as the "Princes," began channeling reports to
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
allies as early as April 13, 1940. Soon afterwards, Ebbe Munck, a journalist from ''
Berlingske Tidende ''Berlingske'', previously known as ''Berlingske Tidende'' (, 'Berling's Times'), is a Danish national daily newspaper based in Copenhagen. It is considered a newspaper of record for Denmark. First published on 3 January 1749, ''Berlingske'' is ...
,'' arranged to be transferred to
Stockholm Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately ...
. From there he could more easily report to and communicate with the British. Following Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 the Germans banned the Danish Communist Party and had the Danish police arrest its members. Those members who either avoided arrest or later escaped thus went underground and created resistance cells. From October 1942, they published a clandestine newspaper, '' Land og Folk'' ("Land and People"), based on the previous Communist Party newspaper, ''Arbejderbladet'', which was distributed widely across the country. Circulation grew to 120,000 copies per day by the end of the occupation. At the beginning of 1943, the cells were centrally coordinated under BOPA (''Borgerlige Partisaner'' – Civil Partisans), which also began to plan acts of sabotage. As time went on, many other
insurgent An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare against a larger authority. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric nature: small irregular forces face a large, well ...
groups formed to oppose the occupation. These included the Hvidsten group, which received weapons parachuted by the British, and Holger Danske, which was successful in organizing
sabotage Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, government, effort, or organization through subversion, obstruction, demoralization (warfare), demoralization, destabilization, divide and rule, division, social disruption, disrupti ...
activities and the assassinations of collaborators. The Churchill club, one of the first resistance groups in Denmark, was a group of eight schoolboys from
Aalborg Aalborg or Ålborg ( , , ) is Denmark's List of cities and towns in Denmark, fourth largest urban settlement (behind Copenhagen, Aarhus, and Odense) with a population of 119,862 (1 July 2022) in the town proper and an Urban area, urban populati ...
. They performed some 25 acts of sabotage against the Germans, destroying Nazi German assets with makeshift grenades and stealing Nazi German weapons. When the Germans forced the Danish government to sign the
anti-Comintern pact The Anti-Comintern Pact, officially the Agreement against the Communist International was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on 25 November 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (Com ...
, a large
protest A protest (also called a demonstration, remonstration, or remonstrance) is a public act of objection, disapproval or dissent against political advantage. Protests can be thought of as acts of cooperation in which numerous people cooperate ...
broke out in
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the Urban area of Copenhagen, urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the ...
. The number of Danish
Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
s was low before the war, and this trend continued throughout the occupation. This was confirmed in the 1943 parliamentary elections, in which the population voted overwhelmingly for the four traditional parties, or abstained. The latter option was widely interpreted as votes for the Danish Communist Party. The election was a disappointment for the National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark (DNSAP) and German '' Reichsbevollmächtigter''. Dr. Werner Best abandoned plans to create a government under Danish Nazi leader Frits Clausen, due to Clausen's lack of public support. In 1942–43, resistance operations gradually shifted to more violent action, most notably acts of sabotage. Various groups succeeded in making contacts with the British
Special Operations Executive Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a British organisation formed in 1940 to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in German-occupied Europe and to aid local Resistance during World War II, resistance movements during World War II. ...
(SOE) which began making airdrops of agents and supplies. There were not many drops until August 1944, but they increased through the end of the occupation. In total throughout the war, over 600 tons of weapons, equipment and explosives were airdropped to the Danish resistance by the Allies, while fifty-three SOE agents were dispatched to Denmark.


Military intelligence operations

On 23 April 1940,H.M. Lunding (1970), ''Stemplet fortroligt'', 3rd edition, Gyldendal, pp. 68-72. members of Danish military intelligence established contacts with their British counterparts through the British diplomatic mission in Stockholm. The first intelligence dispatch was sent by messenger to the Stockholm mission in the autumn of 1940. This evolved into regular dispatches of military and political intelligence, and by 1942–43, the number of dispatches had increased to at least one per week. In addition, an employee of
Danmarks Radio DR (), officially the Danish Broadcasting Corporation in English, is a Danish public-service radio and television broadcasting company. Founded in 1925 as a public-service organization, it is Denmark's oldest and largest electronic media enter ...
was able to transmit short messages to Britain through the national broadcasting network. The intelligence was gathered mostly by officers in the Danish army and navy; they reported information about political developments, the location and size of German military units, and details about the Danish section of the
Atlantic Wall The Atlantic Wall () was an extensive system of coastal defence and fortification, coastal defences and fortifications built by Nazi Germany between 1942 and 1944 along the coast of continental Europe and Scandinavia as a defense (military), d ...
fortifications. In 1942, the Germans demanded the removal of the Danish military from
Jutland Jutland (; , ''Jyske Halvø'' or ''Cimbriske Halvø''; , ''Kimbrische Halbinsel'' or ''Jütische Halbinsel'') is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein). It ...
, but intelligence operations continued. It was carried out by plainclothes personnel or by reserve officers, since this group was not included in the evacuation order. Following the liberation of Denmark,
Field Marshal Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army (in countries without the rank of Generalissimo), and as such, few persons a ...
Bernard Law Montgomery described the intelligence gathered in Denmark as "second to none".


Violent resistance: 1943–1945

As the years went by, the number of acts of sabotage and violence grew. In 1943, the number grew dramatically, to the point that the German authorities became dissatisfied with the Danish authorities' handling of the situation. At the end of August, the Germans took over full administration in Denmark, which allowed them to deal with the population as they wished. The Germans raided every police station in Denmark, disarmed, arrested and deported all 2,000 Danish police officers to Germany. Policing became easier for the Nazis, but more and more people became involved with the movement because they were no longer worried about protecting the Danish government. In particular, the Danish Freedom Council was set up in September 1943, bringing together the various resistance groups in order to improve their efficiency and resolve. An underground government was established. Allied governments, who had been skeptical about Denmark's commitment to fight Germany, began recognising it as a full ally. Due to concerns about prisoners and information held in
Gestapo The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...
headquarters at the ''Shellhus'' in the centre of
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the Urban area of Copenhagen, urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the ...
, the resistance repeatedly requested a tactical RAF raid on the headquarters to destroy records and release prisoners.
Britain Britain most often refers to: * Great Britain, a large island comprising the countries of England, Scotland and Wales * The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, a sovereign state in Europe comprising Great Britain and the north-eas ...
initially turned down the request due to the risk of civilian casualties, but eventually launched Operation Carthage, a very low-level raid by 20
de Havilland Mosquito The de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito is a British twin-engined, multirole combat aircraft, introduced during the World War II, Second World War. Unusual in that its airframe was constructed mostly of wood, it was nicknamed the "Wooden Wonder", or " ...
fighter-bombers, escorted by 30
P-51 Mustang The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang is an American long-range, single-seat fighter aircraft, fighter and fighter-bomber used during World War II and the Korean War, among other conflicts. The Mustang was designed in 1940 by a team headed ...
fighters. The raid succeeded in destroying the headquarters, releasing 18 prisoners of the Gestapo, and disrupting anti-resistance operations throughout Denmark. However, 125 civilians lost their lives due to the errant bombing of a nearby boarding school.


Actions

In 1943, the movement scored a great success in rescuing all but 500 of Denmark's
Jewish Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
population of 7,000–8,000 from being sent to the
Nazi concentration camps From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps (), including subcamp (SS), subcamps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe. The first camps were established in March 1933 immediately af ...
by helping transport them to neutral
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
, where they were offered asylum. The Danish resistance movement has been honoured as a collective at
Yad Vashem Yad Vashem (; ) is Israel's official memorial institution to the victims of Holocaust, the Holocaust known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (). It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Jews who were murdered; echoing the stories of the ...
in
Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...
as being part of the "
Righteous Among the Nations Righteous Among the Nations ( ) is a title used by Yad Vashem to describe people who, for various reasons, made an effort to assist victims, mostly Jews, who were being persecuted and exterminated by Nazi Germany, Fascist Romania, Fascist Italy, ...
". They were honoured as a collective rather than as individuals at their own request. Another success was the disruption of the Danish railway network in the days after
D-Day The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during the Second World War. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as ...
, which delayed the movement of German troops to
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
as reinforcements. By the end of the war, the organized resistance movement in Denmark had scored many successes. It is believed to have killed nearly 400 persons (the top official number is 385) from 1943 through 1945, who were Danish Nazis, informers or collaborators thought to pose a threat to the Resistance, or Danes working for the Gestapo.Clement Maier, ''Making Memories: The Politics of in Postwar Norway and Denmark'', pp. 259-263, 2007 thesis at European University Institute, available online as pdf. The rationale behind the executions was discussed, and several accounts by participants said a committee identified targets, but no historic evidence of this system has been found. In the postwar period, while the killings were criticized, they were also defended by such politicians as
Frode Jakobsen Frode Jakobsen (21 December 1906 – 15 June 1997), was a Danish writer and politician who is remembered for his contribution to Danish resistance activities during the German occupation of Denmark in the Second World War. He established and ran ...
and Per Federspiel. The movement lost slightly more than 850 members in action, in
prison A prison, also known as a jail, gaol, penitentiary, detention center, correction center, correctional facility, or remand center, is a facility where Prisoner, people are Imprisonment, imprisoned under the authority of the State (polity), state ...
, in
Nazi concentration camps From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps (), including subcamp (SS), subcamps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe. The first camps were established in March 1933 immediately af ...
, or (in the case of 102 resistance members)
executed Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The sentence (law), sentence ordering that an offender b ...
following a
court-martial A court-martial (plural ''courts-martial'' or ''courts martial'', as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the arme ...
. The Danish National Museum maintains th
Museum of Danish Resistance
in
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the Urban area of Copenhagen, urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the ...
. Since the late 20th century, there has been more discussion about the morality of some of the killings carried out by the resistance, sparked by a TV series about the death of Jane Horney, a Danish citizen killed at sea in what Frode Jakobsen defended as an act of war. With the 60th anniversary of the end of the war, the issue was re-examined in two new studies: Stefan Emkjar's ''Stikkerdrab'' and Peter Ovig Knudsen's ''Etter drabet'', "the first profound approaches into the topic."Maier (2007), ''Making Memories'', pp. 269-272 Both authors used veterans of the resistance movement, and covered the sometimes contingent, improvised nature of some of the actions. It suggested that some of the noted Bent Faurschou-Hviid (''Flammen'')'s executions may have been mistakenly directed by a double agent. Knudsen's work was adapted as a two-hour documentary film, ''With the Right to Kill'' (2003), which was shown on TV and later released in theaters. These works have contributed to a national discussion on the topic. '' Flame and Citron'' ( Flammen og Citronen, 2008) is a fictionalized drama film based on historic accounts of the two prominent Danish resistance fighters, directed by Ole Christian Madsen. It portrays some of the moral ambiguity of their actions.


Prominent members

* Anton Poul Andersen * Børge Bak * Poul Bruun * Henning Bysted * Ellen Christensen * Tom Dencker-Grant * Gunnar Dyrberg * Sven Fage-Pedersen * Povl Falk-Jensen * Bent Faurschou-Hviid (Flammen) * Marius Fiil * Niels Fiil *
Mogens Fog Mogens Ludolf Fog (9 June 1904 – 16 July 1990) was a Danish physician, politician ( Danish Communist Party) and resistance fighter. In the 1930s, he headed the ''Socialistiske Læger'' (Socialist Physicians) who opposed Fascism. Biography ...
* Jutta Graae *
Frode Jakobsen Frode Jakobsen (21 December 1906 – 15 June 1997), was a Danish writer and politician who is remembered for his contribution to Danish resistance activities during the German occupation of Denmark in the Second World War. He established and ran ...
* Jørgen Jenk * Ove Kampmann * Christer Lyst Hansen * Søren Hoff * Jørgen Kieler * Ole Lippmann * Jørgen Strange Lorenzen * Lone Maslocha * Kim Malthe-Bruun * Preben Munch-Nielsen * Flemming Muus * John Christmas Møller * Poul Nielsen * Knud Pedersen * Niels Eberhard Petersen * Poul Kristian Brandt Rehberg * Jørgen Røjel * Find Sandgren * Jørgen Haagen Schmith (Citronen) * David John Valdemar Schultz (1923–2014) * Niels Aage Skov * Thomas Sneum * Hans Edvard Teglers * Monica Wichfeld * Varinka Wichfeld-Muus


Strategic result

The extent to which the Danish resistance played an important strategic role in the war has been the subject of much discussion. Immediately after the war and until about 1970, the vast majority of accounts overrated the degree to which the resistance had been effective in battling against the Germans by acts of sabotage and by providing key intelligence to the Allies. More recently, however, after re-examining the archives, historians concur that, while the resistance provided a firm basis for moral support and paved the way for post-war governments, the strategic effect during the occupation was limited. The Germans did not need to send reinforcements to suppress the movement, and garrisoned the country with a comparatively small number of
Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmac ...
troops. The resistance did not enter into active combat. Even the overall importance of Danish intelligence in the context of Ultra is questionable."Denmark, Historical Role," by Hans Kirchoff in ''Resistance in Western Europe'' (p. 112 et seq). In his history, ''No Small Achievement: Special Operations Executive and the Danish Resistance 1940-1945'' (2002), Knud Jespersen examined the relationship between British Intelligence and the Danish Resistance. He quoted a report from
SHAEF Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF; ) was the headquarters of the Commander of Allies of World War II, Allied forces in northwest Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. US General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the ...
stating that the resistance in Denmark.
"caused strain and embarrassment to the enemy... nd astriking reduction in the flow of troops and stores from Norway
hat A hat is a Headgear, head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory. Hats which incorpor ...
undoubtedly had an adverse effect on the reinforcements for the battles East and West of the Rhine."
Examining the British archives, Jespersen also found a report concluding "that the overall effect of Danish resistance was to restore national pride and political unity." He agreed that this was the movement's most important contribution to the nation.Hayden B. Peake, "The Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf", includes a review of Knud Jespersen's ''No Small Achievement''
''CSI Studies'', Vol. 48, No.1, Retrieved 19 April 2008.


Representation in other media


Books

* Carol Matas's 1987 and 1989 novels ''Lisa'' and ''Jesper'' presented fictionalized accounts of Danish resistance missions. * Ken Follett's 2002 suspense novel '' Hornet Flight'' presents a fictionalized account of early Danish resistance. * Stefan Emkjar's ''Stikkerdrab'' (''Killing of Informers: The Resistance Movements' Liquidation of Danes during the Occupation'', 2000) and Peter Øvig Knudsen's ''Etter drabet'' (''Following the Death: Reports of the Resistance Liquidations'', 2001), were both non-fiction studies of the resistance, published before the 60th anniversary of the end of the war. * ''
Number the Stars ''Number the Stars'' is a 1989 historical novel by the American author Lois Lowry about the escape of a family of Jews from Copenhagen, Denmark, during World War II. The story revolves around ten-year-old Annemarie Johansen, who lives with he ...
'' (1989), children's historical fiction novel by
Lois Lowry Lois Ann Lowry (; née Hammersberg; born March 20, 1937) is an American writer. She is the author of many books for children and young adults, including '' The Giver Quartet'', '' Number the Stars'', the Anastasia series, and '' Rabble Starkey''. ...
, won the
Newbery Medal The John Newbery Medal, frequently shortened to the Newbery, is a literary award given by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC), a division of the American Library Association (ALA), to the author of "the most distinguished contr ...
. * Barry Clemson's alternative history novel, '' Denmark Rising'' (2009), imagines a Denmark that implemented a total resistance to the Nazis via strategic nonviolence. * Povl Falk-Jensen'
Holger Danske - Afdeling Eigils sabotager og stikkerlikvideringer under Besættelsen
(2010), Danish resistance member Povl Falk-Jensen's memoir. Povl Falk-Jensen was a leading member of the Danish resistance group Holger Danske during World War II and responsible for eleven executions of informers or collaborators. * H. George Frederickson's 1997 text ''The Spirit of Public Administration'' compares the response of the bureaucracy in Denmark to other European nations to the rise of the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler. * Aage Bertelsen's "October '43" (1954) An autobiographical account of the Jewish escape to Sweden in 1943, written by a prominent member of the Danish resistance. Originally written in Danish, but translated into other languages. Author not to be confused with famous Danish painter Aage Bertelsen.


Film

* The Twentieth Century with Walter Cronkite: episode Sabotage. CBS approximately 1960. Black and white. * '' Flame and Citron'' ('' Flammen og Citronen'') (2008) is a drama film based on two prominent Danish resistance fighters,; it is directed by Ole Christian Madsen. * '' Miracle at Midnight'' (1998), American made-for-TV movie about the rescue of the Jews in Denmark, starring
Sam Waterston Samuel Atkinson Waterston (born November 15, 1940) is an American actor. Waterston is known for his work in theater, television, and film. He has received numerous accolades including a Primetime Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actor ...
and
Mia Farrow Maria de Lourdes Villiers "Mia" Farrow ( ; born February 9, 1945) is an American actress. She first gained notice for her role as Allison MacKenzie in the television soap opera ''Peyton Place (TV series), Peyton Place'' and gained further recogn ...
, featuring neighbors helping a family escape to Sweden. * '' The Boys from St. Petri'', a 1991 Danish drama film. * '' The Only Way,'' A 1970 war drama film about the rescue of the Danish Jews starring Jane Seymour. * '' This Life'' (''Hvidstengruppen'') (2012) is a Danish drama film based on the activities of the Hvidsten Group. * ''
With the Right to Kill With or WITH may refer to: * With, a preposition in English * Carl Johannes With (1877–1923), Danish doctor and arachnologist * With (character), a character in ''D. N. Angel'' * ''With'' (novel), a novel by Donald Harrington * ''With'' (album ...
'' (''Med ret til at dræbe'', 2003), is a documentary adapted from the 2001 book by journalist
Peter Øvig Knudsen Peter Øvig Knudsen (Born 9 October 1961 in Holme, Aarhus, Denmark) is a Danish Journalist and Author. He is educated from the Danish School of Media and Journalism in 1987. He has previously worked for 'Månedsbladet Press', Dagbladet Informat ...
and directed by Morten Henriksen; it explores the liquidation of nearly 400 people by the Resistance during World War II from 1943 through 1945. It won a Robert Award in 2004 for best full-length documentary. * ''Omvej til friheden'' (Detour to freedom), a made-for-TV documentary movie about two Jewish families attempting to flee to neutral Sweden and featuring actual Jewish survivors and members of the Danish resistance. * '' Land of Mine'', a 2015 Danish film nominated for Oscar for Best Foreign Film, about young German POWs clearing Nazi beach mines. Director: Martin Zandvlie
from IMDB
* Netflix holds distribution rights to a Danish movie ''The Bombardment'', which was first released in October 2021 in Denmark. The film is also known '' The Shadow in My Eye'' (''Skyggen i mit øje'' in Danish) and Netflix released the movie in March 2022.


Music

* "Denmark 1943", a song by Fred Small on his album '' I Will Stand Fast''


References


Further reading

* Ackerman, Peter and Jack DuVall. '' A Force More Powerful''. New York: Palgrave, 2000. * Hæestrup, Jørgen. ''Secret Alliance - A Study of the Danish Resistance Movement 1940-45''. Vols I, II & III. Odense University Press, 1976-77. , & . * Jespersen, Knud J. V. ''No Small Achievement: Special Operations Executive and the Danish Resistance 1940-1945''. Odense, University Press of Southern Denmark. * Lampe, David (1957). ''The Danish Resistance''. New York: Ballantine Books. * Moore, Bob (editor). ''Resistance in Western Europe'' (esp. Chapter on ''Denmark'' by Hans Kirchoff), Oxford : Berg, 2000, . * ''Besættelsens Hvem Hvad Hvor'' (Who What Where of the Occupation), Copenhagen, Politikens Forlag, 3rd revised edition, 1985. . * Reilly, Robin. ''Sixth Floor: The Danish Resistance Movement and the RAF Raid on Gestapo Headquarters March 1'', 2002. * Stenton, Michael. ''Radio London and Resistance in Occupied Europe,'' Oxford University Press. 2000. * Voorhis, Jerry. "Germany and Denmark: 1940-45", ''Scandinavian Studies'' 44:2, 1972. * Zimmerman, Susan,
Prisoner of the Gestapo: Freed by Words
'' Warfare History Network, 20 March 2019


External links



– description of its activity to save Jews' lives at the
Holocaust The Holocaust (), known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (), was the genocide of History of the Jews in Europe, European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ...
, at
Yad Vashem Yad Vashem (; ) is Israel's official memorial institution to the victims of Holocaust, the Holocaust known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (). It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Jews who were murdered; echoing the stories of the ...
website {{DEFAULTSORT:Danish Resistance Movement World War II resistance movements Articles containing video clips