Daniel Craig McCallum (January 21, 1815 – December 27, 1878) was a Scottish-born American

railroad engineer A train driver is a person who operates a train, railcar, or other rail transport vehicle. The driver is in charge of and is responsible for the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all of the train handling (also known as bra ...

general manager A general manager (GM) is an executive who has overall responsibility for managing both the revenue and cost elements of a company's income statement, known as profit & loss (P&L) responsibility. A general manager usually oversees most or all of ...

of the

New York and Erie Railroad The Erie Railroad was a railroad that operated in the Northeastern United States, originally connecting Pavonia Terminal in Jersey City, New Jersey, with Lake Erie at Dunkirk, New York. The railroad expanded west to Chicago following its 1865 ...

and Union Brevet Major General of the United States Military Railroads during the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...

, known as one of the early pioneers of management. He set down a group of general principles of management, and is credited for having developed the first modern

organizational chart An organizational chart, also called organigram, organogram, or organizational breakdown structure (OBS), is a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs. The ter ...

. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1977) '' The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business''. p. 101

Early life and education

McCallum was born in

Johnstone Johnstone (,
) is a town in the

Renfrewshire Renfrewshire () (; ) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. Renfrewshire is located in the west central Lowlands. It borders East Renfrewshire, Glasgow, Inverclyde, North Ayrshire and West Dunbartonshire, and lies on the southern ba ...

in the west-central Lowlands of

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

in 1815. In 1822, while he was still a boy, his family emigrated to

Rochester, New York Rochester is a city in and the county seat, seat of government of Monroe County, New York, United States. It is the List of municipalities in New York, fourth-most populous city and 10th most-populated municipality in New York, with a populati ...

. He did attend elementary school but did not want to follow his father's footsteps and become a tailor. Instead, McCallum left school to become a

carpenter Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenter ...

and worked his way up.

New York engineer

In the early 1840s, McCallum worked as a civil engineer in Rochester, designing buildings including Saint Joseph's Church. Soon he started building and maintaining railway bridges as subcontractor for the

.Renfrewshire's emigrants: Daniel Craig McCallum
at renfrewshire.gov.uk. Accessed January 31, 2014, By the late 1840s, the New York and Erie Railroad placed McCallum in charge of its bridges,McCallum's Patent Timber Bridge
in: ''American Railroad Journal''. Saturday, June 19, 1852. and he started experimenting with new construction methods. He developed and in 1851 patented a new type of bridge, named the "McCallum Inflexible Arched Truss Bridge", which could withstand heavier loads and required less maintenance than previous designs. One such at

Lanesboro, Pennsylvania Lanesboro is a borough in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 485 at the 2020 census. History Lanesboro was named for Martin Lane, an early settler who first called it Lanesville. The name was changed to Lanes ...

over the

Susquehanna River The Susquehanna River ( ; Unami language, Lenape: ) is a major river located in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, crossing three lower Northeastern United States, Northeast states (New York, Pennsylvani ...

, drew national attention for its durable construction. In the early 1850s, the New York and Erie Railroad promoted McCallum to the superintendent of the Susquehanna Division, one of the railroad's five operating divisions. About two years later (1854/54) he received another promotion, becoming the railroad's General Superintendent and succeeding Charles Minot during

Homer Ramsdell Homer Ramsdell (August 12, 1810 – February 13, 1894) was an American businessman, known as president of the Erie Railroad from 1853 to 1857 as successor of Benjamin Loder. Biography Ramsdell, in the 19th century one of the foremost citizen o ...

's presidency. In this position, McCallum supervised the entire railroad, as well as restructured it to make it more efficient and safe. New management and communication methods used the

telegraph Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas ...

. McCallum also described these new management principles and introduced the first modern

.The cases of Daniel McCallum and Gustavus Swift
/ref> On February 25, 1857, In 1858, McCallum resigned from the Erie Railroad and founded the McCallum Bridge Company.

U.S. military railroads

On February 11, 1862, weeks after President

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 until Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through the American Civil War ...

signed th
Railways and Telegraph Act of January 31, 1862
(which authorized the president to seize and operate any railroad or telegraph company's equipment for use during the

), the new secretary of war

Edwin M. Stanton Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician who served as U.S. secretary of war under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's management helped organize ...

appointed McCallum as military director and superintendent of the

United States Military Railroad The U.S. Military Railroad (USMRR) was established by the United States War Department as a separate agency to operate any rail lines seized by the government during the American Civil War. An Act of Congress of 31 January 1862 authorized Presi ...

with the staff rank of colonel. The USMRR's primary mission was to repair and operate captured Southern lines to support the Union army. The previous secretary of war,

Simon Cameron Simon Cameron (March 8, 1799June 26, 1889) was an American businessman and politician who represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate and served as United States Secretary of War under President Abraham Lincoln at the start of the Ameri ...

, had called on the Pennsylvania Railroad's Vice President

Thomas A. Scott Thomas Alexander Scott (December 28, 1823 – May 21, 1881) was an American businessman, railroad executive, and industrialist. In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln appointed him to serve as U.S. Assistant Secretary of War, and during the American ...

to coordinate railroads and Scott had been promoted to Assistant Secretary of War. However, President Lincoln replaced Cameron in January after newspapers reported he unduly favored the North Central Railroad in which he was a stockholder, at the expense of rival railroads including the

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the oldest railroads in North America, oldest railroad in the United States and the first steam engine, steam-operated common carrier. Construction of the line began in 1828, and it operated as B&O from 1830 ...

and

Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (PW&B) was an American railroad, headquartered in Philadelphia, that operated in Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland from 1836 to 1902. It was part of an 1838 merger of four state-chartered railr ...

, including allowing removed B&O track and telegraph wire to be shipped to repair damaged Virginia lines. On April 22, 1862, Stanton summoned West Point graduate

Herman Haupt Herman Haupt (March 26, 1817 – December 14, 1905) was an American civil engineer and railroad construction engineer and executive. As an honorary Union Army General officer, General during the American Civil War, he revolutionized U.S. milita ...

, who had become a leading railway engineer after resigning his U.S. Army commission and who had applied for Scott's job, to evaluate the engineering required to rebuild the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac line in Virginia. On May 28 Haupt was also appointed a colonel, but he twice refused military rank (including a promotion to brigadier general on September 5, 1862), instead of becoming the civilian Chief of Construction and Transportation in the Department of the Rappahannock. Although Haupt would have difficulties dealing with some military men, he worked well with McCallum. McCallum remained in Washington during the war to oversee the "big picture" of USMRR operations, and especially coordinate deliveries of locomotives and other equipment with manufacturers. He received a brevet promotion to brigadier-general of volunteers for faithful and meritorious services on September 24, 1864, and his authority was extended to the Western Theater and to support Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. He received another promotion to major general in 1865. In July 1866 McCallum was mustered out of the service and published a report on the military railroads during the war. MacCallum also wrote a set of poems.THE WATER - MILL; AND OTHER POEMS
By D. C. McCALLUM. 1871 The most famous was called 'Lights on the Bridge', which he wrote shortly before his death, memorializing his friend, Sam Campbell, a railroad engineer killed in 1842. McCallum himself died in Brooklyn, New York, on December 27, 1878.

Work

Architecture, 1830s-40s

McCallum was an architect in Rochester from 1840, and for a few subsequent years. He was an accomplished architect and held a high position in his profession.W. H. McIntosh (1877)
History of Monroe County, New York: With Illustrations
'. p. 142 Among the prominent buildings erected by him are the House of Refuge, St. Josephs Church, St. Marys Hospital, and the Odd-Fellows' Hall building. He did much to improve the general architecture of the city. His drawings and studies were carefully made, and his plans well-adapted to location. The St. Josephs Church was originally built 1843–1846 in the simple monumental tradition of the

Greek Revival Greek Revival architecture is a architectural style, style that began in the middle of the 18th century but which particularly flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in northern Europe, the United States, and Canada, ...

, with a gray stone facade of series of arched bays on the exterior facade. The simple church was enlarged 1849 into a cruciform plan that sat a thousand. The interior was remodeled in 1895. The first steeple was added in 1859 and replaced with a tower in 1909, designed by Joseph Oberlies.Mary Johna Grzeskowiak, ''The Adaptive Use of Religious Structures, Rochester, New York: A Case Study'' (MSc

Historic Preservation Historic preservation (US), built heritage preservation or built heritage conservation (UK) is an endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. It is a philos ...

Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...

, 1986), p.83-102.J. Russiello, ''A Sympathetic Planning Hierarchy for Redundant Churches: A Comparison of Continued Use and Reuse in Denmark, England and the United States of America'' (MSc Conservation of Historic Buildings, University of Bath, 2008), p.370. Nowadays only the preserved facade of St. Joseph's Church has remained.

McCallum's inflexible arched truss bridge, 1840s–60s

Late 1840s McCallum developed a specific

truss bridge A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a structure of connected elements, usually forming triangular units. The connected elements, typically straight, may be stressed from tension, compression, or ...

construction for the railroad bridges, called McCallum inflexible arched truss. It was constructed principally of pine timber, with less than the ordinary portion of iron rods, blots and casings. An editorial notice from Appletons' ''Mechanics' Magazine'', edited by Julius W. Adams commented on McCallum's patent timber bridge, built-in 1851 over the Susquehanna River, near Lanesboro', Pennsylvania, for the New York and Erie railroad: These inflexible arched trusses were used in wooden railroad bridges across the US and Canada in the 19th century. After his work at the New York and Erie Railroad, in 1858 McCallum founded the McCallum Bridge Company in Cincinnati. The company specialized in railroad bridges, which they build in the Western and Southern States. Some of the

Howe truss A Howe truss is a truss bridge consisting of chords, verticals, and diagonals whose vertical members are in tension and whose diagonal members are in compression. The Howe truss was invented by William Howe in 1840, and was widely used as a brid ...

men were so impressed by McCallum's business success (if not by his arguments) that they began arching their top chords, and a notable example of this practice was the Rock Island Bridge over the Mississippi River. The advent of steel bridges in the 1860s effectively made obsolete his unique design.

Large-scale management problems at New York & Erie Railroad, 1850s

McCallum had started at the New York & Erie Railroad as a subcontractor to build and maintain bridges, was appointed superintendent of one region, and eventually made its general superintendent in 1855, controlling over 5000 employees. In this position McCallum came in contact with the large-scale management problems, which other great railroad companies such as the

Pennsylvania Railroad The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR), legal name as the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, also known as the "Pennsy," was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At its ...

(PRR), the

also faced. One of the main problems of these largest railroad companies was the rising of costs of moving freight in comparison to smaller companies. McCallum postulated that this was caused by the inefficient internal organization. In his 1856 report to the

stockholder A shareholder (in the United States often referred to as stockholder) of corporate stock refers to an individual or legal entity (such as another corporation, a body politic, a trust or partnership) that is registered by the corporation as the l ...

s of the New York & Erie Railroad he explained: New methods had to be invented for mobilizing, controlling, and apportioning capital, for operating a widely dispersed system, and for supervising thousands of specialized workmen spread over hundreds of miles. The railroads solved all these problems and became the model for all large businesses. The main innovators were three engineers, Benjamin H. Latrobe of the Baltimore and Ohio, McCallum of the Erie, and

John Edgar Thomson John Edgar Thomson (February 10, 1808 – May 27, 1874) was an American civil engineer and industrialist. An entrepreneur best known for his leadership of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) from 1852 until his death in 1874, Thomson made it the large ...

of the Pennsylvania (railroad). They devised the functional departments and first defined the lines of authority, responsibility, and communication with the concomitant separation of line and staff duties which have remained the principles of the modern American corporation.

Illustrative organization chart, 1855

As general superintendent McCallum in 1855 designed an illustrative organization chart of the New York and Erie Railway, which is considered to be the first modern

organization chart An organizational chart, also called organigram, organogram, or organizational breakdown structure (OBS), is a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs. The ter ...

Caitlin Rosenthal Caitlin C. Rosenthal is an American historian. She is an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Her first book, ''Accounting for Slavery'' (2018), won the Francis B. Simkins Award from the Southern Historical Association in ...

(2012
Big data in the age of the telegraph
''McKinsey Quarterly'', March 2013. which was compiled and drawn by the civil engineer

George Holt Henshaw George Holt Henshaw (September 1, 1831 – January 10, 1891) was a Canadian engineer and draftsman, who worked as engineer in waterworks and for railway companies in Canada, the United States and Denmark. He is particularly known for drafting t ...

. On the chart is written,McCullum & Henshaw "Plan of Organization New York and Erie Railroad," September 1988. that the diagram represents a plan of organization, and exhibits the division of administrative duties and shows the number and class of employees engaged in each department, and is dated September 1855. The chart explains that the diagram is compiled from the latest monthly report and indicates the average number of employees of each class engaged in the Operating Department of the railroad company. It shows the powers and duties of each individual and to whom they are subject to report. It further describes: :"By inspection it will be seen that the Board of Directors as the fountain of power, concentrates their authority in the President as the Executive Officer, who in that capacity directly controls those officers who are shown on the Diagram at the termini of the lines diverging from him, and these in their turn, through all the various ramifications down to the lowest employee control those who terminate the lines from them.
All orders from the Superior officers are communicated in the above order, from superior to subordinate to the point of desired; thereby securing despatch in their execution and maintaining proper discipline without weakening the authority of the immediate superior of the subordinate controlled by the order thus transmitted. Each individual, therefore, holds himself responsible only to his immediate superior..."'''' Furthermore, a table is added showing the number of offices and employees classed. First were listed the employees in the five divisions of the New York & Erie Railroad divided into workers at the station, on trains, on repairs of trucks, and on repairs of bridges and buildings. The chart was thought lost for years and only located at the Library of Congress after many years of research after Alfred Chandler had suggested its existence. It was found by

Charles D. Wrege Charles D. Wrege (March 11, 1924 – August 19, 2014)Arthur G. Bedeian, Art Bedeian, Daniel A. Wren, Dan Wren and Regina Greenwood Charles D. Wrege Obituary" Academy of Management,at ''aom.org,'' 2014. Accessed 14-05-2017 was an American management ...

(1924–2014) and Guidon Sorbo Jr. (1927–2008) in 2005. They suggested that the visualization of the organizational tree probably was inspired by the shape of a local flower

Salix caprea ''Salix caprea'', known as goat willow, pussy willow or great sallow, is a common species of willow native to Europe and western and central Asia.Meikle, R. D. (1984). ''Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland''. BSBI Handbook 4. . De ...

(goat willow, also known as the pussy willow, or great sallow).Albert J. Churella (2012) ''The Pennsylvania Railroad, Volume 1: Building an Empire, 1846-1917''. p. 842S

Principles of management, 1856

As General Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad, McCallum developed new ideas about a modern system of management. In his 1856 report he formulated the following requirements: :"A system of operations to be efficient and successful should be such as to give to the principal and responsible head of the running department a complete daily history of details in all their minutiae. Without such supervision, the procurement of a satisfactory annual statement must be regarded as extremely problematic. The fact that dividends are made without such control does not disprove the position, as in many cases the extraordinarily remunerative nature of an enterprise may ensure satisfactory returns under the most loose and inefficient management..." McCallum presented the following general principles for the formation of such an efficient system of operations,Report of the Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad to the Stockholders, for the Year Ending September 30
by Daniel McCallum in: ''Annual Report''. New York and Erie Railroad Company, 1856. p. 33-97 reprinted in Vose (1857) George Leonard Vose. ''Handbook of Railroad Construction: For the Use of American Engineers. Containing the Necessary Rules, Tables, and Formulæ for the Location, Construction, Equipment, and Management of Railroads, as Built in the United States.'' J. Munroe, 1857. p. 415-16 :*First. A proper division of responsibilities. :*Second. Sufficient power conferred to enable the same to be fully carried out, that such responsibilities may be real in their character. :*Third. The means of knowing whether such responsibilities are faithfully executed. :*Fourth. Great promptness in the report of all derelictions of duty, that evils may at once be corrected. :*Fifth. Such information to be obtained through a system of daily reports and checks that will not embarrass principal officers nor lessen their influence with their subordinates. :*Sixth. The adoption of a system, as a whole, which will not only enable the general superintendent to detect errors immediately, but will also point out the delinquent. About the core principle of management, he summarized: Vose (1857, p. 416) added, that all subordinates should be accountable to, and directed by, their immediate superiors only. Each officer must have authority, with the approval of the general superintendent, to appoint all persons for whose acts he is held responsible, and to dismiss any subordinate when in his judgment the interests of the company demand it.

American Civil War, 1862–65

On 11 February 1862, McCallum was appointed military director and superintendent of the Union railroads, with the staff rank of colonel, by

, the

Secretary of War The secretary of war was a member of the U.S. president's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War", had been appointed to serve the Congress of the ...

. McCallum had the authority to "enter upon, take possession of, hold and use all railroads, engines, cars, locomotives, and equipment that may be required for the transport of troops, arms, ammunition, and military supplies of the United States, and to do and perform all acts... that may be necessary and proper... for the safe and speedy transport aforesaid," he wrote in his 1866 report.David A. Pfeiffer
Working Magic with Cornstalks and Beanpoles: Records Relating to the U.S. Military Railroads during the Civil WarSummer
in: ''Prologue'' 2011, Vol. 43, No. 2. McCallum's view was that his organization "was a great construction and transportation machine, for carrying out the objects of the commanding generals." As superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad McCallum had developed a reputation as an autocratic leader, running his railroad with "strict precision and stern discipline." But to his credit, he combined his engineering and administrative talents with his pleasant personality to make a success of his tenure. Daniel C

As McCallum's assistant was appointed

, who also was called to service in early 1862. The two worked practically independent from each other. While McCallum was the administrative head of the U.S. Military Railroads, Herman Haupt was in charge of the operations of the railroad in the field. At the time that McCallum assumed his duties, the seven-mile road from Washington to Alexandria, Virginia, was the only railroad in federal government control. By May 1862 the

Orange and Alexandria Railroad The Orange and Alexandria Railroad (O&A) was a railroad in Virginia, United States. Chartered in 1848, it eventually extended from Alexandria, Virginia, Alexandria to Gordonsville, Virginia, Gordonsville, with another section from Charlottesville ...

, which ran from Alexandria southwest toward Orange, Virginia, was an important supply line, as was the

Manassas Gap Railroad The Manassas Gap Railroad (MGRR) ran from Mount Jackson, Virginia, to the Orange and Alexandria Railroad's Manassas Junction, which later became the city of Manassas, Virginia. Chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in 1850, the MGRR was a n ...

, which covered the territory between

Manassas Junction Manassas (), formerly Manassas Junction, is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. The population was 42,772 at the 2020 Census. It is the county seat of Prince William County, although the two are separate jurisdi ...

and Front Royal and Strasburg. By the end of the war, the U.S. Military Railroads had, at different times during the war, used parts of 17 railroads as military lines in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania and 23 in Tennessee, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, and North Carolina. In addition, the small Construction Corps grew from about 300 men in 1863 to nearly 10,000 men by the end of the war. During his stint as superintendent of the U.S. Military Railroads, McCallum fulfilled the function of liaison officer between the government and the many railroads on the one hand, and manufacturers of railroad equipment on the other. His greatest success was supporting the western operations from Nashville and Chattanooga under Gen. William T. Sherman in the summer of 1864, by successfully supplying

General Sherman William Tecumseh Sherman ( ; February 8, 1820February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a General officer, general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–1865), earning recognit ...

's army of 100,000 men and 60,000 animals." "The successful supply of Sherman's army in its campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta was the most outstanding achievement of the military railroads," later reported Thomas Weber in ''The Northern Railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865''. In 1865 McCallum participated in the organization of the

Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln After Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, a three-week series of events was held to mourn the death and memorialize the life of the 16th president of the United States. Funeral services, a procession, and a lying in state were ...

. Following his death by assassination, the body of

was brought from

Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...

to its final resting place in Lincoln's hometown of

Springfield, Illinois Springfield is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois. Its population was 114,394 at the 2020 United States census, which makes it the state's List of cities in Illinois, seventh-most populous cit ...

, by

funeral train A funeral train carries a coffin or coffins (caskets) to a place of interment by railway. Funeral trains today are often reserved for leaders, national heroes, or government officials, as part of a state funeral, but in the past were sometimes ...

, accompanied by dignitaries. The Department of War designated the route and declared railroads over which the remains passed as military roads under the control of McCallum as director and superintendent of

s. No person was allowed to be transported on the cars except those authorized by the War Department, and the train never moved at speeds of more than an hour to avoid any accidents. To McCallum was due much of the efficiency of the railroad service during the civil war. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers "for faithful and meritorious services," September 24, 1864, and Major General, March 13, 1865. On July 31, 1866, he was mustered out of the service. In the same year, he published a report on the military railroads during the war, written with

James Barnet Fry James Barnet Fry (February 22, 1827 – July 11, 1894) was an American soldier and prolific author of historical books. Family and early career Fry, who was born in Carrollton, Illinois, was the first child of General Jacob G. Fry (September 20, ...

Reception

American timber bridges

The 1863 article entitled "American Timber Bridges" by the

Institution of Civil Engineers The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) is an independent professional association for civil engineers and a Charitable organization, charitable body in the United Kingdom. Based in London, ICE has over 92,000 members, of whom three-quarters ar ...

described that: Percy covered bridge2009

The National Cyclopedia of American Biography (1897) confirmed, that the inflexible arched truss introduced by McCallum has probably been in more general use in the United States than any other system of timber bridges. A 2012

Historic American Engineering Record Heritage Documentation Programs (HDP) is a division of the U.S. National Park Service (NPS). It administers three programs established to document historic places in the United States: Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), Historic American E ...

confirms that: This success didn't last much longer. McCallum continued to construct bridges during the Civil War, but the type of bridge fell out of favor. It was obsolete by 1870, because it was difficult to frame and metal constructions had taken over. Nowadays the only remaining example in the world of the McCallum truss is the Percy Covered Bridge (1861),Percy Covered Bridge, Powerscourt - Elgin - Hinchinbrooke Quebec
/ref> ironically an automobile and

footbridge A footbridge (also a pedestrian bridge, pedestrian overpass, or pedestrian overcrossing) is a bridge designed solely for pedestrians.''Oxford English Dictionary'' While the primary meaning for a bridge is a structure which links "two points at a ...

. It crosses the

Châteauguay River The Châteauguay River (or Chateaugay River in the United States) is a tributary of the South Shore of the St. Lawrence River, flowing in: * Clinton County, New York, Clinton County and Franklin County, New York, Franklin County, in the Adironda ...

at Powerscourt, Québec, between the municipalities of

Elgin Elgin may refer to: Places Canada * Elgin County, Ontario * Elgin Settlement, a 19th-century community for freed slaves located in present-day North Buxton and South Buxton, Ontario * Elgin, a village in Rideau Lakes, Ontario * Elgin, Manit ...

and Hinchinbrooke.

Management principles

Chandler (1977) stipulated that: McCallum's work drew national and international attention. Chandler (1977) recalled that McCallum's ideas were further developed by others, such as Chandler (1956) explained: "expert railroad engineers as

George Vose George Vose (4 October 1912 – 20 June 1981) was an English footballer and coach who played as a halfback. He played for Manchester United in the Football League, also representing Stalybridge Celtic, Altrincham and Runcorn Runcorn is a ...

and

John B. Jervis John Bloomfield Jervis (December 14, 1795 – January 12, 1885) was an American civil engineer. America's leading consulting engineer of the antebellum era (1820–60), Jervis designed and supervised the construction of five of America's earliest ...

wrote much on the principles of systematic management which McCallum had first articulated and

Poor Poverty is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living. Poverty can have diverse

had expanded upon."Alfred Dupont Chandler (1956) ''Henry Varnum Poor, business editor, analyst, and reformer.'' p. 153

Selected publications

* 1856.
Report of the Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad to the Stockholders, for the Year Ending September 30
in: ''Annual Report''. New York and Erie Railroad Company, 1856. p. 33-97 * 1857. "Report of D. C. McCallum to the stockholders of the New York and Erie Railroad, March 25" in: ''Annual Report''. New York and Erie Railroad Company, 1857.
Extract online
* 1859.
McCallum's inflexible arched truss bridge explained and illustrated
' * 1861. ''Military railroads, 1861-1867: general orders, instructions and reports''. United States. War Dept. * 1862. ''Soldiers' marching song: "Our country and our home." Air--"John Brown".'' 4 pages. * 1866.
Reports of Bvt. Brig. Gen. D. C. McCallum: director and general manager of the military railroads of the United States, and [of James B. Fry] the provost marshall general
'. With

. United States. Military Railroad Dept. * 1870.
The Water Mill and Other Poems
'. Brooklyn, N.Y.

References

;Attribution

This article incorporates public domain material from ; and other public domain material from books and websites.

External links

Laying Down the Principles: Management
at library.hbs.edu * {{DEFAULTSORT:McCallum, Daniel 1815 births 1878 deaths American civil engineers 19th-century American railroad executives American business theorists Scottish business theorists Scottish engineers People from Johnstone Union army colonels