Dangguo

''Dang Guo'' ( zh, t=黨國, p=Dǎngguó, w=Tang3kuo2, l=party-state), also known as ''Tang Kuo'', was the one-party system adopted by the Republic of China (ROC) under the Kuomintang, lasting from 1924 to 1987. It was adopted after Sun Yat-sen acknowledged the efficacy of the nascent Soviet Union's political system, including its system of dictatorship, however in practice it also borrowed from fascism. Chiang Kai-shek later used the Kuomintang to control and operate the Nationalist government and the National Revolutionary Army. All major national policies of the government bureaucracy were formulated by the Kuomintang, giving the party supreme power over the whole nation, as well as ideological supremacy across China, dominating the Chinese political landscape until the rise of Chinese Communist Party.

Following the beliefs of Sun Yat-sen, political power should have been returned to the people after the National Revolutionary Army militarily ended the Warlord Era. However, martial law in Taiwan continued from 1949 until 1987, during which other political parties were banned. Martial law was lifted in 1987 by president Chiang Ching-kuo, a move that legalized other political parties such as the Democratic Progressive Party and ended the ''Dang Guo'' era.

Origin

''Dang Guo'' was short for ''Yi Dang Zhi Guo'' (), which literally means "using the political party to run the state". In 1920, Sun Yat-sen, founding father of the Republic of China, made ''Dang Guo'' the official ROC national policy during the phase of military rule and (two of the three phases of the Fundamentals of National Reconstruction). He was influenced by Leninist ideology, which led to the October Revolution in Russia. According to Sun, the Kuomintang should be paramount over the Republic of China in the course of revolution ( war against the warlords) and should issue orders to the ROC bureaucracy, all NGO groups, and indeed to all individuals.

In 1924, Sun said regarding state-building:

:
:
:When the Russian Revolution took place, it (the Bolsheviks) adopted a dictatorship, disregarding everything else and focusing solely on achieving revolutionary success... Its success lay in placing the party above the nation. I believe today is a great day of remembrance—we should reorganize and place the party (Kuomintang) above the nation (ROC).

In practice

After Sun Yat-sen decided to follow and copy the Soviet political system, his successor Chiang Kai-shek used the Kuomintang to control and operate both the Nationalist government and the National Revolutionary Army, which was sometimes called "The Party's Army" (). The ROC bureaucracy had then become the means and the tools of Kuomintang, where all the major national policies were formulated, while resulted in the party holding the supreme power of the whole nation.

The concept of ''Dang Guo'' was an outgrowth of Sun's concept of "political tutelage" during which the Kuomintang was to lead the state and to instruct the people on how the democratic system would work prior to the transition to full democracy.

Under ''Dang Guo'', ROC military personnel and civil servants alike were expected to owe their allegiance to Kuomintang first and the state second, a policy reflected by such phrases as "Service to the Party and the Nation" () and in the national anthem, which makes an explicit reference to "Our Party". Likewise, the emblem of the Kuomintang was used as the emblem of the state, and the flag of the Kuomintang has been used as the naval jack to this day. The Kuomintang sought to build a one-party ideological state, which had some influence from fascist ideology.Schoppa, R. Keith
The Revolution and Its Past
(New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .

The Kuomintang unified China in 1927 and started to prepare the state for political reform, as according to Sun's teaching. The Constitution of the Republic of China, enacted in 1947, stipulates that different parties shall enjoy equal status, and the National Revolutionary Army was returned to civilian control as the Army of the Republic of China. However, the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War caused the ROC to be under military rule of the KMT during the period of mobilization when the ROC government relocated to Taiwan in 1949.

After martial law ended in 1987, all political parties became legal, and the Republic of China was democratized. Since then, the President of the Republic of China has been democratically elected by the people of Taiwan. In 2000, Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected as the first non-KMT president under the Constitution.

See also

* Chinese state nationalism
* Democratic centralism (Kuomintang)
* Neoauthoritarianism
* Particracy
* Party-state capitalism
* Transitional Justice Commission
* Wild Strawberry student movement

References

Sources

*

张英洪：孙中山的以党治国思想 Google translation




吴敏：以党治国是国民党的遗毒 Google translation



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Oligarchy
White Terror (Taiwan)
Ideology of the Kuomintang
Politics of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Political history of Taiwan