Danan (uncertain derivation) was one of the three
volcanic cone
Volcanic cones are among the simplest volcanic landforms. They are built by ejecta from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and s ...
s (the others being
Perboewatan Perboewatan (also spelled Perbuatan or Perbuwatan; apparently a Malay word of uncertain derivation) was one of the three main volcanic cones (the others being Danan and Rakata) on the island of Krakatoa (or Krakatau), in the Sunda Strait, in Indon ...
and
Rakata
Rakata ( ), also called Greater Krakatau, is a partially collapsed and uninhabited stratovolcano on the Indonesian island of Krakatoa () in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Sumatra and Java. Standing tall, it was the largest and souther ...
) on the island of
Krakatoa
Krakatoa (), also transcribed (), is a caldera in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung. The caldera is part of a volcanic island group (Krakatoa archipelago) comprising four islands. Tw ...
, in the
Sunda Strait
The Sunda Strait () is the strait between the Indonesian islands of Java island, Java and Sumatra. It connects the Java Sea with the Indian Ocean.
Etymology
The strait takes its name from the Sunda Kingdom, which ruled the western portion of Ja ...
, in
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
. It stood , lay in the central area of the island, and may have been a
twin volcano. Danan was almost entirely destroyed in the
1883 eruption of Krakatoa
Beginning on 20 May 1883, and ending on 21 October 1883, the volcanic island of Krakatoa, located in the Sunda Strait, had repeated, months long Types of volcanic eruptions, volcanic eruptions. The most destructive of these eruptions occurred o ...
; only a rocky islet named Bootsmansrots remains of it.
Not much information can be found about Danan; the interior of Krakatoa was little explored or surveyed. There were several peaks, and Verbeek surmised that it formed a "ring-shaped crater wall". In one of the photographs of Perboewatan erupting in May 1883, Danan's irregular shape can be seen in the background, partially obscured by the ash cloud arising from Perboewatan.
Danan apparently joined Perboewatan in eruption sometime after May 1680, when Perboewatan started erupting. A returning Dutch traveler saw both cones erupting in February 1681. Perboewatan started erupting in May 1883. In June, a black cloud hung over the islands for five days, and when it lifted on 24 June, an ash column could be seen issuing apparently from an area between Perboewatan and Danan. By the time Captain Ferzenaar visited the island on 11 August, Danan was in full eruption and there were about a dozen steam plumes, most of which were between the two cones. The two cones continued erupting, entering the cataclysmic phase on 26 August, with four terminal events on the morning of the 27 August.
Rogier Verbeek's reconstruction of the eruption has Danan destroyed at about 10:52 am, 27 August in the last of the catastrophic explosions.
Bootsmansrots ('
Bosun
A boatswain ( , ), bo's'n, bos'n, or bosun, also known as a deck boss, or a qualified member of the deck department, or the third hand on a fishing vessel, is the most senior rate of the deck department and is responsible for the components of ...
's Rock' in Dutch) is a small (about 10 m squared) platform of rock composed of
parallel
Parallel may refer to:
Mathematics
* Parallel (geometry), two lines in the Euclidean plane which never intersect
* Parallel (operator), mathematical operation named after the composition of electrical resistance in parallel circuits
Science a ...
slabs of
hypersthene
Hypersthene is a common rock-forming inosilicate mineral belonging to the group of orthorhombic pyroxenes. Its chemical formula is . It is found in igneous and some metamorphic rocks as well as in stony and iron meteorites. Many references have f ...
andesite
Andesite () is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between silica-poor basalt and silica-rich rhyolite. It is fine-grained (aphanitic) to porphyritic in texture, and is composed predomina ...
tilted at about a 45-degree angle to the sea surface. It probably was an
extrusion
Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross section (geometry), cross-sectional profile by pushing material through a Die (manufacturing), die of the desired cross-section. Its two main advantages over other manufacturing pro ...
dike in the flank of Danan and was stable enough to keep Danan from being destroyed in the major explosion at 10:02 am which destroyed the area to the south and the northern half of Rakata. The steep angle to the west indicates that it has moved from its original location, probably by the bulk of Danan collapsing in that direction.
References
*Furneaux, Rupert. ''Krakatoa'' (1964)
*Simkin & Fiske. ''Krakatau 1883: The Volcanic Eruption & Its Effects'' (1983)
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Volcanic cones
Sunda Strait
Krakatoa