Dahariya

Ad-Dhahiriya (also az-Zahiriya) () is a city in the Hebron Governorate of Palestine, 22 km southwest of the city of Hebron in the southern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, ad-Dhahiriya had a population of 35,924 in 2017.

History

Biblical connection, local traditions, archaeology

According to Conder and Kitchener, Ad-Dhahiriya was initially probably the site of the ancient biblical town of Debir.Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p
402
/ref> However, now Debir is thought to be more likely identified with Rabud. They found the village undermined by caves. In the centre of ad-Dhahiriya was a tower, which appeared to be from before the Crusader era, possibly from early Christian or Roman period.

Local tradition, supported by archaeology, have that modern day ad-Dhahiriya was founded by the Mamluk sultan Baybars (), whose regnal title was 'al-Zahir' (also transliterated 'al-Dhahir'). Another oral tradition suggests that ad-Dhahiriya was founded after the 16th century.

Ottoman period

In the Ottoman tax records of the 16th century, the village, listed under the name 'Darusiyya', was part of the ''nahiya'' (subdistrict) of Halil (Hebron). In the 932 AH/1525-1526 CE census, the villagers cultivated the fields at a place called Bayt Hawran. In 961/1553-1554, the village was reported as derelict, while in 970/1562-1563 and 1005/1596-1597, it was reported as inhabited.

In 1838, Edward Robinson noted ad-Dhahiriya was a village located southwest of Hebron.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p.
116
/ref> Robinson further remarked: "A castle or fortress apparently once stood here; the remains of a square tower are still to be seen, now used as a dwelling; and the door-ways of many hovels are of hewn stone with arches. It would seem to have been one of the line of small fortresses, which apparently once existed all along the southern border of Palestine. The village contains, according to the government census, one hundred full-grown men; of whom thirty-eight had been taken at three separate times for the Egyptian army. Though half in ruins, it is yet rich in flocks and herds, and has at least hundred camels. The inhabitants are ''Hudhr'', or townsmen; and belonging to the party called Keis. Most of the villagers in this quarter are of this party; as well as some of the Bedawin."

In 1856, a Scottish clergyman, Horatius Bonar described the village and its ruined castle: "Suddenly, at an abrupt elbow of the ravine, we are relieved by seeing the old castle, perched on its rocky height well in the setting sun; the poor village, which seems to hang about it, with its square yellow huts, rather helps, at this distance, to improve its appearance, and to give dignity to its towers and broken ramparts. From this point it looks much bolder and substantial than it is; not so isolated as El-Aujeh, which we passed some days ago, but well-set upon yon craggy perch. Like most of its fellow castles in the east and border "peels" in the north, it has seen better days, and has at one time, been a noble stronghold for Romans, or Crusaders, or Turks..."

In 1863 the French traveler Victor Guérin visited the place, and found that many of the men had fled, mostly further south in tents, in order to avoid conscription. He noted one building, measuring sixteen steps on each side which was built in beautiful stone. It contained several vaulted chambers, and was the home of one of the sheikhs of the village.
Several other private houses were also built with fine materials, from old buildings; some even seemed to date, either entirely or only in their lower courses from the Roman period.

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 57 houses and a population of 206, though the population count included men, only. According to the PEF's ''Survey of Western Palestine'', (SWP), the village had a population of 300-400 in 1874. In 1877, it was deserted due to "encroachment of the Arabs edouinsinto the country of the fellahin". According to the geographer David Grossman, the Bedouins were allies of the nearby town of Dura.

British Mandatory period

In 1921, a violent conflict erupted between the residents of ad-Dhahiriya and Dura. It was resolved through the imposition of a hefty fine of 20,000 Egyptian pounds on the "brigands" of Dura.

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, ad-Dhahiriya had an entirely Muslim population of 2,266 inhabitants,Barron, 1923, Table V, p
10
/ref> increasing in the 1931 census to 2,930, still all Muslim, in 603 houses.Mills, 1932, p
28
In the 1945 statistics the population of Ad-Dhahiriya was 3,760, all Muslims,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p
23
/ref> who owned 60,585 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 166 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 54,205 for cereals, while 284 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

Jordanian period

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements

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