Dactylorhiza Maculata

''Dactylorhiza'' is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Its species are commonly called marsh orchids or spotted orchids. ''Dactylorhiza'' were previously classified under '' Orchis'', which has two round tubers.

Description

They are hardy tuberous geophytes. In a thickened underground stem, they can store a large amount of water to survive arid conditions. The tuber is flattened and finger-like. The long leaves are lanceolate and, in most species, also speckled. They grow along a rather long stem which reaches a height of . Leaves higher on the stem are shorter than leaves lower on the stem. The inflorescence, compared to the length of the plant, is rather short. It consists of a compact raceme with 25-50 flowers. These develop from axillary buds. The dominant colors are white and all shades of pink to red, sprinkled with darker speckles.

Taxonomy

Etymology

The name ''Dactylorhiza'' is derived from Greek words δάκτυλος ''daktylos'' 'finger' and ῥίζα ''rhiza'' 'root', referring to the palmately two- to five-lobed tubers of this genus.

Species

Many species in this genus hybridise so readily that species boundaries themselves are vague (but see), with regular name changes and no clear answers. A few species colonise very well onto fresh industrial wastes such as pulverised fuel ash, where vast hybrid swarms can appear for a decade or more, before ecological succession replaces them.

34 species are accepted.

*'' Dactylorhiza aristata'' – keyflower, eastern China to southern Alaska
*'' Dactylorhiza armeniaca'' – Turkey and western Transcaucasia
*'' Dactylorhiza bucovina'' – Romania
*'' Dactylorhiza cantabrica'' – northwestern Spain
*'' Dactylorhiza cyrnea'' – Corsica
*'' Dactylorhiza czerniakowskae'' – Central Asia
*'' Dactylorhiza elata'' – stately Dactylorhiza, western Europe to northwestern Africa
*'' Dactylorhiza elcitoi'' – eastern Italy
*'' Dactylorhiza euxina'' – north-central and northeastern Turkey and the Caucasus
*'' Dactylorhiza foliosa'' – richly leaved Dactylorhiza, Madeira
*'' Dactylorhiza francis-drucei'' – Great Britain and Ireland
**''Dactylorhiza francis-drucei'' var. ''ebudensis''
**''Dactylorhiza francis-drucei'' subsp. ''francis-drucei''
** ''Dactylorhiza francis-drucei'' subsp. ''traunsteinerioides''
*'' Dactylorhiza gervasiana'' – Southern Italy, Corsica, Sicily, and Algeria
*'' Dactylorhiza graggeriana'' – western Himalayas
*'' Dactylorhiza hatagirea'' – Pakistan, Himalayas, Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongolia and northern and central China
*'' Dactylorhiza iberica'' – Greece, Turkey, Levant, Caucasus, and Iran
*'' Dactylorhiza incarnata'' – early marsh orchid, Europe to western and central Asia, Siberia, and Mongolia
**''Dactylorhiza incarnata'' subsp. ''cilicica''
**''Dactylorhiza incarnata'' subsp. ''coccinea''
** ''Dactylorhiza incarnata'' subsp. ''cruenta'' – (Europe to Turkey)
**''Dactylorhiza incarnata'' subsp. ''gemmana'' – (W. Europe)
**''Dactylorhiza incarnata'' subsp. ''incarnata'' – (Europe to Mongolia).
**''Dactylorhiza incarnata'' nothosubsp. ''krylovii'' – (W. Europe to Siberia).
**''Dactylorhiza incarnata'' subsp. ''ochroleuca'' – (Europe)
**''Dactylorhiza incarnata'' subsp. ''pulchella'' – (Europe)
**''Dactylorhiza incarnata'' nothosubsp. ''versicolor'' – (Europe)
*'' Dactylorhiza insularis'' – island Dactylorhiza, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Morocco
*'' Dactylorhiza isculana'' – Austria
*'' Dactylorhiza kafiriana'' – northeastern Afghanistan to western Himalayas
*'' Dactylorhiza kulikalonica'' – Central Asia
*'' Dactylorhiza maculata'' – heath spotted orchid or moorland spotted orchid, northwestern Africa, Europe, Turkey, Siberia, Mongolia, and Xinjiang
** ''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' (synonym ''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' ) – common spotted orchid, Fuch's dactylorhiza (Europe to Siberia)
**''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''maculata'' – (Europe to Siberia)
**''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''maurusia'' – (Morocco)
**''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''saccifera''
**''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''sooana''
**''Dactylorhiza maculata'' nothosubsp. ''transiens''
*'' Dactylorhiza magna'' – Central Asia
*'' Dactylorhiza majalis'' – broad-leaved marsh orchid western marsh orchid, fan orchid, or common marsh orchid, Europe
** ''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''baltica''
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''calcifugiens'' – (Denmark)
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''cordigera''
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''elatior''
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' nothosubsp. ''godferyana''
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''kalopissii''
** ''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''lapponica'' (synonyms ''Dactylorhiza lapponica'' and ''Dactylorhiza traunsteineri'' ) – (Europe to western Siberia)
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''macedonica''
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''majalis'' – (Europe)
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''nieschalkiorum''
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''occidentalis'' (synonym ''Dactylorhiza kerryensis'' ) – Irish marsh orchid (W. & SW. Ireland, N. Great Britain)
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''pindica''
** ''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''praetermissa'' (synonym ''Dactylorhiza praetermissa'' ) – leopard marsh orchid, southern marsh orchid (W. & NW. Europe)
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''pythagorae'' – ( Samos)
**''Dactylorhiza majalis'' subsp. ''sphagnicola''
*'' Dactylorhiza phoenissa'' – Lebanon
*'' Dactylorhiza purpurella'' – northern marsh orchid, Great Britain and Ireland
**''Dactylorhiza purpurella'' var. ''cambrensis''
**''Dactylorhiza purpurella'' var. ''purpurella''
*'' Dactylorhiza romana'' – Roman Dactylorhiza, Mediterranean, Caucasus, and western Asia
**''Dactylorhiza romana'' subsp. ''georgica''
**''Dactylorhiza romana'' subsp. ''guimaraesii''
**''Dactylorhiza romana'' subsp. ''romana'' – Markus' Dactylorhiza (N. Portugal to W. Spain and Italy).
*'' Dactylorhiza russowii'' – Germany to Finland and eastern European Russia to central Siberia
*'' Dactylorhiza sajanensis'' – central Siberia
*'' Dactylorhiza salina'' – Caucasus to Central Asia and Amur
*'' Dactylorhiza sambucina'' – elder-flowered orchid, Europe ( Photos)
*'' Dactylorhiza sibirica'' – central Siberia
*'' Dactylorhiza stortonii'' – eastern Italy
*'' Dactylorhiza urvilleana'' – northern and northeastern Turkey, Caucasus, and Iran
*'' Dactylorhiza viridis'' – Frog orchid, subarctic and subalpine Northern Hemisphere
**''Dactylorhiza viridis'' var. ''virescens'' – (Temp. Asia, N. America)
**''Dactylorhiza viridis'' var. ''viridis'' – (subarctic and subalpine Northern Hemisphere)

Hybrids

Plants of the World Online accepts the following inter-specific hybrids.

Note : nothosubspecies = a hybrid subspecies; nothovarietas = a hybrid variety.
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''abantiana'' (''D. iberica'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''nieschalkiorum'') – Turkey
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''altobracensis'' (''D. maculata'' × ''D. sambucina'') – Austria, France, and Italy
*''Dactylorhiza × alutiiqorum'' (''D. aristata'' × ''D. viridis'') – Aleutian Islands
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''aschersoniana'' (''D. incarnata'' × ''D. majalis'') – W. & C. Europe)
**''Dactylorhiza'' × ''aschersoniana'' nothosubsp. ''aschersoniana'' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''incarnata'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''majalis'') – W. & C. Europe
**''Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana'' nothosubsp. ''ishorica'' (''D. incarnata'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''baltica'') – northwestern European Russia
**''Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana'' nothovar. ''mulignensis'' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''pulchella'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''majalis'') – Germany and Switzerland
**''Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana'' nothosubsp. ''predaensis'' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''cruenta'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''majalis'') – Austria and Switzerland
**''Dactylorhiza'' × ''aschersoniana'' nothosubsp. ''templinensis'' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''ochroleuca'' × ''D. majalis'') – Germany
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''baicalica '' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''cruenta'' × ''D. salina'') – Buryatia
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''balabaniana'' (''D. iberica'' × ''D. urvilleana'') – Lebanon and Turkey
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''bayburtiana'' (''D. euxina'' × ''D. umbrosa'') – Turkey
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''beckeriana'' (''D. incarnata'' × ''D. maculata'' × ''D. majalis'') – Germany
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''boluiana'' (''D. nieschalkiorum'' × ''D. saccifera'') – Turkey
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''braunii'' (''D. maculata'' × ''D. majalis'') – Spain to central Europe and Ukraine
**''Dactylorhiza'' × ''braunii'' nothosubsp. ''braunii'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''majalis'') – Spain to central Europe and Ukraine
**''Dactylorhiza'' × ''braunii'' nothosubsp. ''lilacina'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''turfosa'') – Czechoslovakia
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''conigera'' (''D. maculata'' × ''D. viridis'') – France, Great Britain, and Iceland
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''daunia'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''saccifera'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''pindica'') – Greece and Italy
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''delamainii'' (''D. elata'' × ''D. maculata'') – France
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''drucei'' (''D. majalis'' × ''D. viridis'') – Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Great Britain, and Iceland
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''dubreuilhii'' (''D. elata'' × ''D. incarnata'') – France and Spain
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''dufftiana'' (''D. majalis'' subsp. ''majalis'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''lapponica'') – France to middle Europe and the Baltic states
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''erdingeri'' (''D. sambucina'' × ''D. viridis'') – Austria, Czechoslovakia, and France
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''flixensis'' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''pulchella'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''lapponica'') – Switzerland
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''fourkensis'' (''D. majalis'' subsp. ''pindica '' × ''D. sambucina'') – Greece
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''gabretana'' (''D. incarnata'' × ''D. maculata'' × ''D. sambucina'') – Germany
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''grandis'' (''D. maculata'' × ''D. majalis'') – Benelux, France, Great Britain, and Sweden
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''guilhotii'' (''D. incarnata'' × ''D. viridis'') – France and Great Britain
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''guillaumeae'' (''D. incarnata'' × ''D. sambucina'') – France and Italy
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''gustavssonii'' (''D. iberica'' × ''D. maculata'' subsp. ''saccifera'') – Greece and Turkey
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''hallii'' – Belgium, France, Great Britain, Netherlands ( Unplaced)
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''influenza'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' × ''D. sambucina'') Austria, Italy
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''katarana'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''saccifera'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''kalopissii'') – Greece
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''kerneriorum'' (''D. fuchsii'' × ''D. incarnata'') – western and central Europe and East European Russia
** ''Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum'' nothosubsp. ''ampolai'' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''cruenta'' × ''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'') – Austria, France, Ireland, Italy, and Switzerland
** ''Dactylorhiza'' × ''kerneriorum'' nothosubsp. ''kerneriorum'' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''incarnata'' × ''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'') – Spain to Poland, Romania, and eastern European Russia
** ''Dactylorhiza'' × ''kerneriorum'' nothosubsp. ''lillsundica'' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''ochroleuca'' × ''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'') – Austria, France, and Sweden
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''latirella'' (''D. incarnata'' × ''D. purpurella'') – Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''lehmannii'' (''D. incarnata'' × ''D. russowii'') – Germany
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''megapolitana'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' × ''D. russowii'') – Germany
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''metsowonensis'' (''D. majalis'' subsp. ''kalopissii'' × ''D. sambucina'' – Greece
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''mixta'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' × ''D. viridis'') – Austria, Italy, France, Great Britain, Ireland, and Norway
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''ornonensis'' (''D. elata'' × ''D. incarnata'' × ''D. maculata'') – France
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''perez-chiscanoi'' (''D. elata'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''lapponica'') – Spain
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''rizeana'' (''D. euxina'' × ''D. urvilleana'') – Turkey
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''rombucina'' (''D. romana'' × ''D. sambucina'') – Italy
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''ruppertii'' (''D. majalis'' × ''D. sambucina'') – Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, and Switzerland
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''salteri'' (''D. majalis'' subsp. ''praetermissa'' × ''D. purpurella'') – Great Britain
*''Dactylorhiza × senayi'' ( (''D. maculata'' × ''D. majalis'') – Spain to Czechoslovakia and Sweden
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''serbica'' (''D. incarnata'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''saccifera'') – Italy and Yugoslavia
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''sivasiana'' (''D. incarnata'' subsp. ''cilicica'' × ''D. urvilleana'') – Turkey
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''szaboiana'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''maculata'' × ''D. majalis'' subsp. ''cordigera'') – Romania
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''vallis-peenae'' (''D. majalis'' × ''D. russowii'') – Germany
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''venusta'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' × ''D. purpurella'') – Great Britain and Ireland
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''viridella'' (''D. purpurella'' × ''D. viridis'') – Great Britain and Ireland
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''vitosana'' (''D. maculata'' subsp. ''saccifera'' × ''D. sambucina'') – Bulgaria
*''Dactylorhiza'' × ''vogtiana'' (''D. iberica'' × ''D. incarnata'') – Turkey

Distribution and habitat

These terrestrial orchids grow in basic soils in wet meadows, bogs, heathland and in areas sparsely populated by trees. They are distributed throughout the subarctic and temperate northern hemisphere. It is found across much of Europe, North Africa and Asia from Portugal and Iceland to Taiwan and Kamchatka, including Russia, Japan, China, Central Asia, the Middle East, Ukraine, Scandinavia, Germany, Poland, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, etc. Inclusion of the widespread frog orchid, often called '' Coeloglossum viride'', into ''Dactylorhiza'' as per some recent classifications,Bateman, R.M. (2009). Evolutionary classification of European orchids: the crucial importance of maximising explicit evidence and minimising authoritarian speculation. Journal Europäischer Orchideen 41: 243-318. s ''Dactylorhiza viridis''/ref> expands the genus distribution to include Canada and much of the United States.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ''Dactylorhiza''
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References

Bibliography

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External links

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Flora of North America Genus page

Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) in European Russia: combined molecular and morphological analysis


Dactylorhiza picture database

Mayank Thakur and V. K. Dixit, ''Aphrodisiac Activity of Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo in Male Albino Rats'', Oxford Journals, Medicine, Evidence-based Compl. and Alt. Medicine, Volume 4, Supplement 1, p. 29-31

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Orchideae genera