DU145 (DU-145) is a human

prostate cancer Prostate cancer is the neoplasm, uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Abnormal growth of the prostate tissue is usually detected through Screening (medicine), screening tests, ...

cell line An immortalised cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism that would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division. The cells ...

. DU145, PC3, and LNCaP are considered to be the standard prostate cancer cell lines used in therapeutic research. The DU145 cell line was derived from a central nervous system

metastasis Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spreading from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor. The newly pathological sites, ...

, of primary prostate adenocarcinoma origin, removed during a parieto-occipital craniotomy of a 69-year-old, white male. DU145 are not hormone-sensitive and do not express prostate-specific antigen (PSA). DU145 cells have moderate

metastatic Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spreading from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor. The newly pathological sites, ...

potential compared to PC3 cells, which have high metastatic potential.

Research on castration-resistant prostate cancer

Castration-resistant prostate cancer Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Abnormal growth of the prostate tissue is usually detected through screening tests, typically blood tests that che ...

(CRPC) is prostate cancer that progresses despite extremely low testosterone in the body often due to medical castration. Unlike many other types of prostate cancer, CRPC do not need normal testosterone levels, but they still require regular androgen receptors (AR).

Effects of NEK6 alteration

NEK6 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NEK6'' gene. Function The ''Aspergillus nidulans ''Aspergillus nidulans'' (also called '' Emericella nidulans'' when referring to its sexual form, or tel ...

inhibition is a potential treatment for CRPC due to its role as an essential protein kinase in the mitotic cell cycle. Although specific pathways remain unclear, deactivating the NEK6 gene is able to decrease clonogenic capacity, proliferation, cell viability, and mitochondrial activity. Additionally, intracellular

ROS Ros or ROS or RoS may refer to: Organizations * Raggruppamento Operativo Speciale, the Anti-organized Crime Branch of the Italian Carabinieri * Registers of Scotland, a Scottish authority responsible for compiling and maintaining records * Repart ...

is increased and antioxidant defenses including

SOD1 Superoxide dismutase u-Zn'' also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or hSod1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SOD1'' gene, located on chromosome 21. SOD1 is one of three human superoxide dismutases. It is implicated in apoptosis, fami ...

SOD2 Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), also known as manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the ''SOD2'' gene on chromosome 6. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 1. ...

, and

PRDX3 Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRDX3'' gene. It is a member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes. Function This gene encodes a protein with antioxidant fu ...

are decreased. SOD1, SOD2, and PRDX3 are known to be pro-oncogenic and be involved in chemotherapy resistance. Overall, altering NEK6 leads to DNA damage and death of DU-145 cells through changes in the redox balance and DNA damage response.

Effects of ''Xanthium'' fruit extracts

The compound 8-Epi-xanthatin (EXT) is an extract from ''

Xanthium ''Xanthium'' (cocklebur) is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae, native to the Americas and eastern Asia and some parts of south Asia. Description Cockleburs are coarse, herbaceous annual plants grow ...

'' fruit and is used as a natural transcription 3 (

STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the ''STAT3'' gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. Function STAT3 is a member of the STAT protein family. In respon ...

) inhibitor to induce apoptotic cell death and decrease DU-145 cancer cell proliferation.{{Cite journal, last1=Lee , first1=Yu‐Jin , last2=Choi , first2=Jiyeon , last3=Yoon , first3=Yae Jin , last4=Sim , first4=Yugyeong , last5=Ryu , first5=Hyung Won , last6=Oh , first6=Sei‐Ryang , last7=Kim , first7=Doo‐Young , last8=Hwang , first8=Jihyun , last9=Chi , first9=Seung‐Wook , last10=Han , first10=Dong Cho , last11=Kwon , first11=Byoung‐Mog , date=March 2021 , title=8‐Epi‐xanthatin induces the apoptosis of DU145 prostate carcinoma cells through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibition and reactive oxygen species generation , url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6918 , journal=Phytotherapy Research , language=en , volume=35 , issue=3 , pages=1508–1520 , doi=10.1002/ptr.6918 , pmid=33164240 , s2cid=226284947 , issn=0951-418X, url-access=subscription DU-145 cells consistently express activated STAT3 and required STAT3 activity for proliferation and survival. However, EXT can be used as an anti-cancer therapeutic as the toxicity to normal cells (MCF10A and HFF) is lower than to DU-145. STAT3 regulates proliferation of cancer cells through target genes, including cyclin A, cyclin D1, and antiapoptotic proteins, such as BCL-2, and BCL-xL. After treatment of DU-145 with EXT, the aforementioned genes are strongly suppressed, ROS production increased, and cancer cell apoptosis was increased.

References

External links

Cellosaurus entry for DU145
Human cell lines Prostate cancer