DIN-31635
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DIN 31635 is a (DIN) standard for the
transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus '' trans-'' + '' liter-'') in predictable ways, such as Greek → and → the digraph , Cyrillic → , Armenian → or L ...
of the
Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet, or the Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is a unicase, unicameral script written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most ...
adopted in 1982. It is based on the rules of the (DMG) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1935 in Rome. The most important differences from English-based systems were doing away with '' j'', because it stood for in the English-speaking world and for in the German-speaking world and the entire absence of digraphs like ''th, dh, kh, gh, sh''. Its acceptance relies less on its official status than on its elegance (one sign for each Arabic letter) and the ''Geschichte der arabischen Literatur'' manuscript catalogue of
Carl Brockelmann Carl Brockelmann (17 September 1868 – 6 May 1956) German Semitic studies, Semiticist, was the foremost Orientalism, orientalist of his generation. He was a professor at the universities in University of Wrocław, Breslau, Berlin and, from 1903, ...
and the dictionary of
Hans Wehr Hans Bodo Wehr (; 5 July 190924 May 1981) was a German Arabist. He is best known for his work on '' A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'', originally published in German as in 1952. The system of transliteration used in the dictionary has beco ...
. Today it is used in most German-language publications of Arabic and Islamic studies. Along with rules for the Arabic language, it also includes transliteration standards for Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, and Pashto.


Table

:The 28 letters:


Rules

The ' (', ' and ') are transliterated as ', ' and '. A ' results in a
geminate In phonetics and phonology, gemination (; from Latin 'doubling', itself from '' gemini'' 'twins'), or consonant lengthening, is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a singleton consonant. It is distinct from ...
(consonant written twice). The article is written with the sun letters assimilated. An ' marking is transliterated as '. The letter () ' is transliterated as word-final ' normally, or ' in a word in the
construct state In Afro-Asiatic languages, the first noun in a genitive phrase that consists of a possessed noun followed by a possessor noun often takes on a special morphological form, which is termed the construct state (Latin ''status constructus''). For ex ...
. ' has many variants, ; depending on its position, all of them are transliterated as . The initial ' () without a ' is not transliterated using initially, only the initial vowel is transliterated (if pronounced): ''.'' () ' appears as '','' transliterating it indistinguishable from ''.'' for final is also known as ' "flexible '". Long vowels and are transliterated as ' and ''.'' The ' suffix appears as ' although the former is normally transliterated as ', and
nunation Nunation (, '), in some Semitic languages such as Arabic, is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics (''ḥarakāt'') to a noun or adjective. This is used to indicate the word ends in an alveolar nasal without the addition of the letter ''n ...
is ignored in transliteration. A hyphen ' is used to separate
clitic In morphology and syntax, a clitic ( , backformed from Greek "leaning" or "enclitic"Crystal, David. ''A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics''. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.) is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a ...
s (the article, the prepositions and the conjunction) from words to which they are attached. The
Eastern Arabic numerals The Eastern Arabic numerals, also called Indo-Arabic numerals or Arabic-Indic numerals as known by Unicode, are the symbols used to represent numerical digits in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Mashriq (the east o ...
() are rendered as western
Arabic numerals The ten Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers. The term often also implies a positional notation number with a decimal base, in particular when contrasted with Roman numera ...
().


See also

*
Romanization of Arabic The romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of Modern Standard Arabic, written and varieties of Arabic, spoken Arabic language, Arabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of na ...
*
ISO 233 The international standard ISO 233 establishes a system for romanization of Arabic script. It was supplemented by ISO 233-2 in 1993 which is specific for Arabic language. 1984 edition The table below shows the consonants for the Arabic langua ...
*
Hans Wehr transliteration The Hans Wehr transliteration system is a system for transliteration of the Arabic alphabet into the Latin alphabet used in the Hans Wehr dictionary (1952; in English 1961). The system was modified somewhat in the English editions. It is printed ...
*
Arabic phonology While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a varieties of Arabic, continuum of varieties. This article deals primarily with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which ...
* Help:IPA/Arabic (Wikipedia help)


Notes


References

*
Reprint (Wiesbaden, 1969)


External links


Chart of Arabic transliteration systems (non-normative), including DIN 31635
Revision 2.2 (2008-02-25)
Deutsches Institut für Normung
{{Deutsches Institut für Normung Romanization of Arabic 31635