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122 mm corps gun M1931/37 (A-19) () was a
Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
field
gun A gun is a device that Propulsion, propels a projectile using pressure or explosive force. The projectiles are typically solid, but can also be pressurized liquid (e.g. in water guns or water cannon, cannons), or gas (e.g. light-gas gun). So ...
developed in late 1930s by combining the barrel of the
122 mm gun M1931 (A-19) 122 mm corps gun M1931 (A-19) () was a Soviet field gun, developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1939 the gun was replaced in production by an improved variant, M1931/37. The piece saw action in World War II with the Red Army. Captur ...
and the carriage of the
152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) The 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) (), is a Soviet Union, Soviet heavy gun-howitzer. The gun was developed by the design bureau of the plant no 172, headed by Fyodor Petrov, F. F. Petrov, as a deep upgrade of the 152-mm gun M1910/34, in ...
. The gun was in production from 1939 until 1946. It saw action in
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
(primarily with
corps Corps (; plural ''corps'' ; from French , from the Latin "body") is a term used for several different kinds of organization. A military innovation by Napoleon I, the formation was formally introduced March 1, 1800, when Napoleon ordered Gener ...
and RVGK artillery of the
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...
) and remained in service for a long time after the end of the war. Vehicle-mounted variants of the gun were fitted to the
IS-2 The IS-2 (, sometimes romanization of Russian, romanized as JS-2The series name is an abbreviation of the name Joseph Stalin (); IS-2 is a direct transliteration of the Russian abbreviation, while JS-2 is an abbreviation of the English or Germa ...
and IS-3 tanks of the Iosif Stalin series of tanks and the
ISU-122 The ISU-122 (acronym of'' Istrebitelnaja - or Iosif Stalin-based - Samokhodnaya Ustanovka 122'') was a Soviet assault gun used during World War II, mostly in the anti-tank role. History and purpose A prototype of the ISU-122 (in Russian ИСУ ...
self-propelled gun.


Development history

In 1936 the
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...
adopted the 122 mm gun M1931, also known as A-19. Unlike earlier ordnance pieces used by the Red Army, it had
split trail A gun carriage is a frame or a mount that supports the gun barrel of an artillery piece, allowing it to be maneuvered and fired. These platforms often had wheels so that the artillery pieces could be moved more easily. Gun carriages are also use ...
carriage with suspension, and consequently improved mobility and traverse. The carriage of M1931 had a number of shortcomings though. The elevation mechanism was slow and unreliable; solid-tired wheels hindered mobility to some extent; there were technological problems in carriage production.Shirokorad A. B. – ''Encyclopedia of the Soviet Artillery''. Soon after the M1931, the Red Army received another artillery piece in form of the
152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) The 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) (), is a Soviet Union, Soviet heavy gun-howitzer. The gun was developed by the design bureau of the plant no 172, headed by Fyodor Petrov, F. F. Petrov, as a deep upgrade of the 152-mm gun M1910/34, in ...
, developed at the No. 172 Plant, under F. F. Petrov. This led to an upgrade of the M1931, handled also by Petrov's design bureau. The barrel of the M1931 was placed on the carriage of a ML-20. The improved gun successfully underwent trials in September–October 1938 and on 29 April 1939 was adopted as 122 mm corps gun M1931/37. Unusually, the new variant, like the old one, was referred to as A-19.


Production history

The M1931/37 was manufactured by the ''Barrikady Plant'' in
Stalingrad Volgograd,. geographical renaming, formerly Tsaritsyn. (1589–1925) and Stalingrad. (1925–1961), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The city lies on the western bank of the Volga, covering an area o ...
(1939–41), ''No. 172 Plant'' (1941–46). The number of M1931/37s manufactured can be estimated at about 2,450, not including those mounted on vehicles.


Description

Like barrel of late production M1931, the barrel of the M1931/37 was of loose liner construction, and consisted of liner, jacket and screwed-upon breech. The breechblock was of
interrupted screw file:Breech 122m10 hameenlinna 2.jpg, Breech from Russian 122 mm M1910 howitzer, modified and combined with 105 mm H37 howitzer barrel An interrupted screw or interrupted thread is a mechanical device typically used in the Breech-loadi ...
type, similar in construction to that of the 152 mm howitzer M1910/37.
Recoil Recoil (often called knockback, kickback or simply kick) is the rearward thrust generated when a gun is being discharged. In technical terms, the recoil is a result of conservation of momentum, for according to Newton's third law the force requ ...
system consisted of
hydraulic Hydraulics () is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics, which concer ...
recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator, both located inside the cradle under the barrel. The gun had split trail carriage adapted from the
152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) The 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) (), is a Soviet Union, Soviet heavy gun-howitzer. The gun was developed by the design bureau of the plant no 172, headed by Fyodor Petrov, F. F. Petrov, as a deep upgrade of the 152-mm gun M1910/34, in ...
. The carriage was fitted with
leaf spring A leaf spring is a simple form of spring (device), spring commonly used for suspension (vehicle), suspension in wheeled vehicles. Originally called a ''laminated'' or ''carriage spring'', and sometimes referred to as a semi-elliptical spring, e ...
suspension and metal wheels with pneumatic
tire A tire (North American English) or tyre (Commonwealth English) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a Rim (wheel), wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide Traction (engineeri ...
s. The carriage also featured an
equilibrator A gun carriage is a frame or a mount that supports the gun barrel of an artillery piece, allowing it to be maneuvered and fired. These platforms often had wheels so that the artillery pieces could be moved more easily. Gun carriages are also use ...
. The
shield A shield is a piece of personal armour held in the hand, which may or may not be strapped to the wrist or forearm. Shields are used to intercept specific attacks, whether from close-ranged weaponry like spears or long ranged projectiles suc ...
gave the crew some protection from small arms and shell fragments. The M1931/37 was transported as a single piece, with barrel pulled back. It was permitted to tow the gun with barrel in its normal position, but for short distances only and with speed of no more than 4–5 km/h. Several types of
artillery tractor An artillery tractor, also referred to as a gun tractor, is a specialized heavy-duty form of tractor unit used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights and calibres. It may be wheeled, tracked, or half-tracked. Traction There are two m ...
s were used: S-2 Stalinets-2,
Komintern Komintern may refer to: *Comintern, a.k.a. communist International, an international communist organization that advocated world communism *Komintern (rural locality), several rural localities in Russia *Komintern, Kyrgyzstan, a village in Jalal-Aba ...
and, from 1943, Ya-12.


Organization and employment

Both variants, M1931 and M1931/37, had the same place in army organizations, were often used alongside each other and combat reports rarely differentiate between them; consequently, the data in this section is for M1931 and M1931/37 together, unless specified otherwise.


Red Army

The A-19 was originally intended for
corps Corps (; plural ''corps'' ; from French , from the Latin "body") is a term used for several different kinds of organization. A military innovation by Napoleon I, the formation was formally introduced March 1, 1800, when Napoleon ordered Gener ...
artillery. Together with ML-20 it formed a so-called "corps duplex". In 1940–41 there were three types of corps artillery
regiment A regiment is a military unit. Its role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, military service, service, or administrative corps, specialisation. In Middle Ages, Medieval Europe, the term "regiment" denoted any large body of l ...
s: *With two
battalion A battalion is a military unit, typically consisting of up to one thousand soldiers. A battalion is commanded by a lieutenant colonel and subdivided into several Company (military unit), companies, each typically commanded by a Major (rank), ...
s of ML-20 and one of either A-19 or 107-mm guns (a total of 24 ML-20s). *With two battalions of ML-20 and two of either A-19 or 107-mm guns (a total of 24 ML-20s). *With three battalions of ML-20 (a total of 36 ML-20s). Soon after the outbreak of the
Great Patriotic War The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War (term), Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in modern Germany and Ukraine, was a Theater (warfare), theatre of World War II ...
the corps artillery was eliminated (as rifle corps themselves were eliminated) and was only reintroduced late in the war. Those new artillery regiments were issued 122 mm guns along with other pieces, mainly 107 mm guns and 152 mm howitzers, in total 16–20 pieces per regiment. On 1 June 1944, RKKA corps artillery possessed 387 A-19s (along with some 750 107 mm and 152 mm pieces), and on 1 May 1945—289 A-19s (again along with some 750 100 mm, 107 mm and 152 mm pieces). The gun was also used by artillery units of the Reserve of the Main Command (RVGK). In mid-1941 a cannon
regiment A regiment is a military unit. Its role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, military service, service, or administrative corps, specialisation. In Middle Ages, Medieval Europe, the term "regiment" denoted any large body of l ...
of the RVGK had 48 A-19; in autumn 1941 these regiments were reorganized, a new, smaller, regiment had 18 A-19s. From 1942 cannon
brigade A brigade is a major tactical military unit, military formation that typically comprises three to six battalions plus supporting elements. It is roughly equivalent to an enlarged or reinforced regiment. Two or more brigades may constitute ...
s were introduced, with 36 A-19s each. Such brigade could be a part of an artillery division—a huge formation, with up to four brigades of A-19 or ML-20 (meaning up to 144 pieces). The first combat use of the A-19 was in the
Battle of Khalkhin Gol The Battles of Khalkhin Gol (; ) were the decisive engagements of the undeclared Soviet–Japanese border conflicts involving the Soviet Union, Mongolia, Japan and Manchukuo in 1939. The conflict was named after the river Khalkhin Gol, which p ...
. It also saw combat in the
Winter War The Winter War was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peac ...
. On 1 March 1940 there were 130 A-19 guns at the frontline. Three pieces were lost. By June 1941 the RKKA possessed, according to different sources, 1257 (1236 in the Army and 21 in the Navy) or 1300 A-19s. The gun proceeded to be used throughout the Great Patriotic War. The A-19 was primarily used for indirect fire against enemy personnel,
fortification A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Lati ...
s and key objects in the near rear. It was also equipped with armour-piercing shells for direct fire against armoured targets. Although not an ideal anti-tank gun because of its large size, slow traverse and relatively slow rate of fire, in 1943 the A-19 was one of only a few Soviet guns effective against the new
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
tanks, such as the
Tiger The tiger (''Panthera tigris'') is a large Felidae, cat and a member of the genus ''Panthera'' native to Asia. It has a powerful, muscular body with a large head and paws, a long tail and orange fur with black, mostly vertical stripes. It is ...
and
Elefant Elefant ( German for "elephant") was a heavy tank destroyer (self propelled anti-tank gun) used by German ''Panzerjäger'' (anti-tank units) during World War II. Ninety-one units were built in 1943 under the name Ferdinand (after its designer F ...
.   The Tank gun variant, the D-25 was even able to penetrate the upper frontal plate of the
Tiger II The Tiger II was a Nazi Germany, German heavy tank of the World War II, Second World War. The final official German designation was ''Panzerkampfwagen'' Tiger ''Ausf''. B, often shortened to Tiger B.Jentz and Doyle 1993, p. 16. The ordnance inve ...
at a range of 500-600 metres although it did require multiple rounds to be fired to do so.   An A-19 No. 501 was the first gun to open fire on 20 April 1945 at the
Battle of Berlin The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II. After the Vistula–Od ...
.


Other operators

In the early stage of the Great Patriotic War hundreds of A-19s fell into the hands of
Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmac ...
. Both variants were adopted – M1931 as 12,2 cm K.390/1(r) and M1931/37 as 12,2 cm K.390/2(r). Germans used a total of 424 of these guns in
field Field may refer to: Expanses of open ground * Field (agriculture), an area of land used for agricultural purposes * Airfield, an aerodrome that lacks the infrastructure of an airport * Battlefield * Lawn, an area of mowed grass * Meadow, a grass ...
and
coastal artillery Coastal artillery is the branch of the armed forces concerned with operating anti-ship artillery or fixed gun batteries in coastal fortifications. From the Middle Ages until World War II, coastal artillery and naval artillery in the form of ...
and manufactured ammunition for them. Germany sold 150 of the captured A-19s to Spain in 1943. This transaction was part of the "Bär Program", a program to complete and modernize the equipment of the
Spanish Armed Forces The Spanish Armed Forces are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of the Spain, Kingdom of Spain, defending its territorial integrity and the constitutional order, according to the functions entrusted to them by the Spanish ...
using armament delivered by Germany. Most of these A-19 were assigned to the Corps Field Artillery Regiments of the
Spanish Army The Spanish Army () is the terrestrial army of the Spanish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is one of the oldest Standing army, active armies – dating back to the late 15th century. The Spanish Army has existed ...
, each regiment receiving 12 pieces to equip a group. The model was well liked in Spain, and 32 additional pieces were ordered by the Army and produced – with neither documentation nor licenses – by the Trubia Arms Factory. After acquisition of more modern American artillery, the Spanish A-19s were relegated to the artillery regiments of territorial defense units. 173 of the Spanish A-19s were modernized in the 1970s, and the guns remained in service with the Spanish Army until the 1990s. The
Finnish Army The Finnish Army ( , ) is the army, land forces branch of the Finnish Defence Forces. The Finnish Army is divided into six branches: infantry (which includes armoured units), field artillery, anti-aircraft artillery, Combat engineering, engineer ...
captured 25 pieces in 1941 and also pressed them into service. The same designation 122 K/31 was applied to both variants. Because of shortage in heavy tractors, the gun was mostly used in coastal artillery. Four pieces were lost; the rest remained in service after the war. In 1980s some pieces had their barrels replaced with 152 mm barrels of ML-20; the resulting pieces were designated 152 H 37-31. In late 1980s both 152 H 37-31 and the remaining 122 K/31 received new 152 mm L/32 barrels manufactured by Vammas, to become 152 H 88-31. The
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania () was a constitutional monarchy that existed from with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King of Romania, King Carol I of Romania, Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian royal family), until 1947 wit ...
captured in 1941 a number of 477 various types of 122 mm howitzers and guns including M1931/37 and the modern ones were used as divisional artillery for units rebuilt after 1941 campaign. Some guns captured by the Romanians were modified and fitted on the initial prototypes of the Mareșal tank destroyer. The A-19s were used by
Polish Armed Forces in the East The Polish Armed Forces in the East (), also called Polish Army in the USSR, were the Polish military forces established in the Soviet Union during World War II. Two armies were formed separately and at different times. '' Anders' Army'', crea ...
in 1944–45 and remained in Polish service after the war. In 1952 the
Polish Army The Land Forces () are the Army, land forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 110,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military histor ...
possessed 63 pieces. In 1980s, in order to improve their mobility, the Polish guns were fitted with wheels from KrAZ-255B truck, resulting in 122 mm armata wz. 1931/37/85.
Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...
received 78 122 mm guns. The
People's Army of Vietnam The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), officially the Vietnam People's Army (VPA; , , ), also recognized as the Vietnamese Army (), the People's Army () or colloquially the Troops ( ), is the national Military, military force of the Vietnam, S ...
also received A-19s and used them during the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...
. Other recipients of the M1931/37 were
Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...
(at least 100 pieces in storage ) and Egypt. China also purchased a number of the M1931/37 during early stages of the
Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China and the Empire of Japan between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to Manchuria that started in 1931. It is considered part ...
.


Variants

*A-19S – Slightly modified variant of A-19 for use in
ISU-122 The ISU-122 (acronym of'' Istrebitelnaja - or Iosif Stalin-based - Samokhodnaya Ustanovka 122'') was a Soviet assault gun used during World War II, mostly in the anti-tank role. History and purpose A prototype of the ISU-122 (in Russian ИСУ ...
self-propelled gun Self-propelled artillery (also called locomotive artillery) is artillery equipped with its own propulsion system to move toward its firing position. Within the terminology are the self-propelled gun, self-propelled howitzer, self-propelled mo ...
. *D-25 – In 1943 a tank gun based on the A-19 was developed for the new
Iosif Stalin tank The IS tanks () were a series of heavy tanks developed as a successor to the KV-series by the Soviet Union during World War II. The IS acronym is the anglicized initialism of Joseph Stalin (, '). The heavy tanks were designed as a response to t ...
, in particular because the existing 85 mm
tank gun A tank gun is the main armament of a tank. Modern tank guns are high-velocity, large-caliber artilleries capable of firing kinetic energy penetrators, high-explosive anti-tank, and cannon-launched guided projectiles. Anti-aircraft guns can also ...
utilized in the early prototypes was deemed insufficient; the resulting prototype was the ''IS-122''. There were, however, safety concerns as the muzzle brake on the gun exploded, nearly killing the attending
Marshal Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Middle Ages, Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used fo ...
Kliment Voroshilov Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov ( ; ), popularly known as Klim Voroshilov (; 4 February 1881 – 2 December 1969), was a prominent Soviet Military of the Soviet Union, military officer and politician during the Stalinism, Stalin era (1924–195 ...
. The fact caused some initial resistance to the adoption of the gun, but Stalin supported the decision to arm the tank named after him with a 122 mm gun. The gun was redesigned to address the safety issue and the resulting weapon was named D-25, analogous to the earlier D-5T 85mm gun. **D-25T – tank gun variant (''T'' stands for ''tankovaya'', 'tank' adj.). In the last days of November 1943,
Fyodor Petrov Fyodor Fyodorovich Petrov (; 16 March 1902, Doktorovo, Tula Governorate – 19 August 1978, Moscow) was a Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental ...
's artillery design team tried the D-25 122 mm corps gun on a mounting used for the D-5T 85 mm tank gun against a captured German
Panther Panther may refer to: Large cats *Pantherinae, the cat subfamily that contains the genera ''Panthera'' and ''Neofelis'' **''Panthera'', the cat genus that contains tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards ***Jaguar (''Panthera onca''), found in Sout ...
tank. Tests took place in the Kubinka proving grounds (about 60 km west of Moscow). Firing from a distance of 1200 m, the round pierced the front glacis, made its way through the engine block and penetrated the rear plate too. After the overwhelming success of this trial, necessary adaptations were made during the following weeks, and the model was accepted as the D-25T on 31 December 1943. Production started immediately, to equip the IS-2 tank. **D-25S – variant for use in late production
ISU-122 The ISU-122 (acronym of'' Istrebitelnaja - or Iosif Stalin-based - Samokhodnaya Ustanovka 122'') was a Soviet assault gun used during World War II, mostly in the anti-tank role. History and purpose A prototype of the ISU-122 (in Russian ИСУ ...
self-propelled gun (''S'' for ''samokhodnaya'', 'self-propelled'). The variant of
ISU-122 The ISU-122 (acronym of'' Istrebitelnaja - or Iosif Stalin-based - Samokhodnaya Ustanovka 122'') was a Soviet assault gun used during World War II, mostly in the anti-tank role. History and purpose A prototype of the ISU-122 (in Russian ИСУ ...
armed with this gun was designated ''ISU-122S''. *152 H 88-31 – A Finnish modernization, involving the upgrading of the caliber to 152 mm. *122 mm armata wz. 1931/37/85 – A Polish modernization.


Ammunition

The gun fired separate loading, cased charge ammunition, with one of four possible propellant charges – the full, no. 1, no. 2 and no. 3 (the smallest). In addition to 122 mm gun shells, the A-19 could fire 122 mm howitzer shells; however because of lesser durability of those shells they could not be used with full charge.


Users

A few countries still have the A-19 in reserve units or deep storage. * — 100 * * — 36 * — 12 * * — 96: Some/all
122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) The 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) (GRAU index: 52-G-463) is a Soviet Union, Soviet 121.92 mm (4.8 inch) howitzer. The weapon was developed by the design bureau of Motovilikha Plants, headed by Fyodor Petrov, F. F. Petrov, in the la ...
.


Surviving pieces

The M1931/37 can be seen, among other places: *In the
Central Armed Forces Museum The Central Armed Forces Museum () also known as the Museum of the Soviet Army, is located in northern Moscow, Russia, near the Red Army Theater. History The first exposition which showed the military condition of the Soviet Republic and the R ...
,
Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...
, Russia. *In the Museum of Artillery and Engineering Forces,
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...
, Russia. *In Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain,
Sevastopol Sevastopol ( ), sometimes written Sebastopol, is the largest city in Crimea and a major port on the Black Sea. Due to its strategic location and the navigability of the city's harbours, Sevastopol has been an important port and naval base th ...
,
Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
. *In the
Poznań Poznań ( ) is a city on the Warta, River Warta in west Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business center and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Saint John's ...
Citadel, Poland. *In the
US Army Ordnance Museum The United States Army Ordnance Training Support Facility (formerly known as the U.S. Army Ordnance Training and Heritage Center and U.S. Army Ordnance Museum) artifacts are used to train and educate logistic soldiers. It re-located to Fort Gre ...
in
Aberdeen, Maryland Aberdeen is a city located in Harford County, Maryland, United States, northeast of Baltimore. The population was 16,254 at the 2020 United States census. Aberdeen is the largest municipality in Harford County. Aberdeen is part of the Baltimo ...
, United States. *In the Fort Sill Artillery Museum grounds in
Lawton, Oklahoma Lawton is a city in and the county seat of Comanche County, Oklahoma, Comanche County, in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Located in western Oklahoma, approximately southwest of Oklahoma City, it is the principal city of the Lawton metropolitan ar ...
, United States. *In the Military Museum, Dej, Romania. *In the El Goloso Armor Museum,
Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...
. *In the Historical Military Museum of Cartagena (Spain) *In a video is possible to see an M1931/37 used by
Syrian Army The Syrian Army is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces. Up until the fall of the Assad regime, the Syrian Arab Army existed as a land force branch of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces, which dominanted the military service of the fo ...
against IS and Al-Nursa in September 2016.


Notes


Sources

*Shirokorad A. B. – ''Encyclopedia of the Soviet Artillery'' – Mn. Harvest, 2000 (Широкорад А. Б. Энциклопедия отечественной артиллерии. — Мн.: Харвест, 2000., ) *Shirokorad A. B. – ''The God of War of The Third Reich'' – M. AST, 2002 (Широкорад А. Б. – Бог войны Третьего рейха. — М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., ) *Ivanov A. – ''Artillery of the USSR in Second World War'' – SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. – Артиллерия СССР во Второй Мировой войне. — СПб., Издательский дом Нева, 2003., ) *Kolomiets M. – ''The Battle of River Khalkhin-Gol'' – "Frontovaya Illustratsiya" magazine, no. 2, 2002 (М.Коломиец. – Бои у реки Халхин-Гол. – журнал «Фронтовая иллюстрация», No. 2, 2002) *Military History Journal, no. 5, 2005 and no. 2, 2006. *Statistical Compilation No 1 – Red Army on 22 June 1941. *Ballistic Tables for Corps Guns M1931 and M1931/37 – Voenizdat NKO, 1944. * Shunkov V. N. – ''The Weapons of the Red Army'', Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н. – ''Оружие Красной Армии.'' — Мн.: Харвест, 1999.) * * * Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, May 1, 1995, p. 142, p.224


External links


The tank master (photo gallery)
{{DEFAULTSORT:122 Mm Gun M1931 37 (A-19) World War II tank guns World War II anti-tank guns World War II artillery of the Soviet Union World War II field artillery 122 mm artillery World War II weapons of China Tank guns Motovilikha Plants products Military equipment introduced in the 1930s