Cyprinidae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

freshwater fish Freshwater fish are those that spend some or all of their lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes, with a salinity of less than 1.05%. These environments differ from marine conditions in many ways, especially the difference in levels of ...

commonly called the carp or minnow family. It includes the

carp Carp are various species of oily freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. While carp is consumed in many parts of the world, they are generally considered an invasive species in parts of ...

s, the true

minnow Minnow is the common name for a number of species of small freshwater fish, belonging to several genera of the families Cyprinidae and Leuciscidae. They are also known in Ireland as pinkeens. Smaller fish in the subfamily Leusciscidae are c ...

s, and relatives like the

barb Barb or the BARBs or ''variation'' may refer to: People * Barb (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname * Barb, a term used by fans of Nicki Minaj to refer to themselves * The Barbs, a band Places * Barb, ...

s and

barbel Barbel may refer to: *Barbel (anatomy), a whisker-like organ near the mouth found in some fish (notably catfish, loaches and cyprinids) and turtles *Barbel (fish), a common name for certain species of fish **''Barbus barbus'', a species of cyprinid ...

s. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family and the largest vertebrate animal family in general with about 3,000

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

, of which only 1,270 remain extant, divided into about 370

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

. Cyprinids range from about 12 mm in size to the

giant barb The giant barb, Siamese giant carp, or simply Siamese carp (''Catlocarpio siamensis'') ( km, ត្រីគល់រាំង, ; th, กระโห้, , , or , , ; Vietnamese: ''cá Hô''), is the largest species of cyprinid in the world. Thes ...

(''Catlocarpio siamensis''). By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the

ostariophysi Ostariophysi is the second-largest superorder of fish. Members of this superorder are called ostariophysians. This diverse group contains 10,758 species, about 28% of known fish species in the world and 68% of freshwater species, and are present ...

an order

Cypriniformes Cypriniformes is an order of ray-finned fish, including the carps, minnows, loaches, and relatives. Cypriniformes is an Order within the Superorder Ostariophysi consisting of " Carp-like" Ostariophysins. This order contains 11-12 famili ...

. The family name is derived from the Greek word ( 'carp').

Biology and ecology

Cyprinids are stomachless fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the

gill raker Gill rakers in fish are bony or cartilaginous processes that project from the branchial arch (gill arch) and are involved with suspension feeding tiny prey. They are not to be confused with the gill filaments that compose the fleshy part of the ...

s of the specialized last gill bow. These

pharyngeal teeth Pharyngeal teeth are teeth in the pharyngeal arch of the throat of cyprinids, suckers, and a number of other fish species otherwise lacking teeth.bony process of the

skull The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of four types of bone i.e., cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bone. However two parts are more prominent: the cranium and the mandible. In humans, th ...

. The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as

snails A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastro ...

and bivalves. Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ, three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the

pneumatic duct The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth wit ...

is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut. Giant Barb

Cyprinids are native to

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

, and

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago a ...

. The largest known cyprinid is the

(''Catlocarpio siamensis''), which may grow up to in length and in weight. Other very large species that can surpass are the

golden mahseer ''Tor putitora'', the Putitor mahseer, Himalayan mahseer, or golden mahseer, is an endangered species of cyprinid fish that is found in rapid streams, riverine pools, and lakes in the Himalayan region. Its native range is within the basins of th ...

(''Tor putitora'') and mangar (''Luciobarbus esocinus''). The largest North American species is the

Colorado pikeminnow The Colorado pikeminnow (''Ptychocheilus lucius'', formerly squawfish) is the largest cyprinid fish of North America and one of the largest in the world, with reports of individuals up to 6 ft (1.8 m) long and weighing over 100 p ...

(''Ptychocheilus lucius''), which can reach up to in length. Conversely, many species are smaller than . The smallest known fish is ''

Paedocypris progenetica ''Paedocypris progenetica'' is a species of tiny cyprinid fish endemic to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Bintan where it is found in peat swamps and blackwater streams. It was discovered by Singaporean ichthyologist Heok Hui Tan. He ha ...

'', reaching at the longest. All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily

Acheilognathinae The bitterling-like cyprinids form the cyprinid subfamily Acheilognathinae. This subfamily contains four genera, although the Khanka spiny bitterling is often placed in ''Acheilognathus'', and at least 71 described species to date. Over half of t ...

are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve

molluscs Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estim ...

, where the young develop until able to fend for themselves. Cyprinids contain the first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the

Squalius alburnoides ''Squalius alburnoides'' is a species of fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found in Portugal and Spain. Its natural habitats are rivers and intermittent rivers. It may be threatened by habitat loss. This species is a highly peculiar fish in r ...

allopolyploid complex. Most cyprinids feed mainly on

invertebrates Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordat ...

and

vegetation Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic character ...

, probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp, are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the

common rudd The common rudd (''Scardinius erythrophthalmus'') is a bentho-pelagic freshwater fish, widely spread in Europe and middle Asia, around the basins of the North, Baltic, Black, Caspian and Aral seas. Identification Morphologically, this specie ...

, prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the moderlieschen, are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the

common frog The common frog or grass frog (''Rana temporaria''), also known as the European common frog, European common brown frog, European grass frog, European Holarctic true frog, European pond frog or European brown frog, is a semi-aquatic amphibian ...

in artificial circumstances. Some cyprinids, such as the

grass carp The grass carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') is a species of large herbivorous freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae, native to the Pacific Far East, with a native range stretching from northern Vietnam to the Amur River on the Sino-Russi ...

, are specialized herbivores; others, such as the

common nase The common nase (''Chondrostoma nasus'') is a European potamodromous Fish migration is mass relocation by fish from one area or body of water to another. Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to ann ...

, eat algae and

biofilm A biofilm comprises any syntrophic consortium of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular ...

s, while others, such as the

black carp The black carp (''Mylopharyngodon piceus'') or Chinese black roach is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish and the sole extant species of the genus ''Mylopharyngodon''. It is native to lakes and rivers in East Asia, ranging from the Amur Basin ...

, specialize in snails, and some, such as the

silver carp The silver carp (''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix'') is a species of freshwater cyprinid fish, a variety of Asian carp native to China and eastern Siberia, from the Amur River drainage in the north to the Xi Jiang River drainage in the south. Alt ...

, are specialized

filter feeders Filter feeders are a sub-group of suspension feeding animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feedin ...

. For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails. Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in

eutrophic Eutrophication is the process by which an entire body of water, or parts of it, becomes progressively enriched with minerals and nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. It has also been defined as "nutrient-induced increase in phytoplan ...

lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the

zooplankton Zooplankton are the animal component of the planktonic community ("zoo" comes from the Greek word for ''animal''). Plankton are aquatic organisms that are unable to swim effectively against currents, and consequently drift or are carried along by ...

that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance.

Relationship with humans

Food

Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and

farmed Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people t ...

across

. In

land-locked A landlocked country is a country that does not have territory connected to an ocean or whose coastlines lie on endorheic basins. There are currently 44 landlocked countries and 4 landlocked de facto states. Kazakhstan is the world's largest ...

countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of

biomass Biomass is plant-based material used as a fuel for heat or electricity production. It can be in the form of wood, wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry, farms, and households. Some people use the terms bi ...

in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as

recreational fishing Recreational fishing, also called sport fishing or game fishing, is fishing for leisure, exercise or competition. It can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is professional fishing for profit; or subsistence fishing, which is fishing fo ...

, for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason.

Sport

Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for

match fishing In Great Britain, Britain and Ireland, coarse fishing (, ) refers to angling for rough fish, which are fish species traditionally considered undesirable as a food or game fish. Freshwater game fish are all salmonids — most particularly salmon, ...

(due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength.

As pest control

Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp (''Cyprinus carpio'') and the grass carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') are the most important of these, for example in

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

As a pest species

Carp in particular can stir up

sediment Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. For example, sand an ...

, reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult. In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the

Mississippi Basin The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, it fl ...

, they have become

invasive species An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species ad ...

that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. ''Cyprinus carpio'' is a major pest species in

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating

biodiversity Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic (''genetic variability''), species (''species diversity''), and ecosystem (''ecosystem diversity'') l ...

by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin, they constitute 80-90 per cent of fish biomass. In 2016 the federal government announced A$15.2 million to fund the National Carp Control Plan to investigate using

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 ''Cyprinid herpesvirus 3'' (also CyHV-3, koi herpes virus or KHV) is a species of virus causing a viral disease that is very contagious to the common carp ''Cyprinus carpio''. Pathology It is most commonly found in ornamental koi, which are of ...

(carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment, in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish.

Aquarium fish

Numerous cyprinids have become important in the aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the

goldfish The goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. It is commonly kept as a pet in indoor aquariums, and is one of the most popular aquarium fish. Goldfish released into the wild have bec ...

, which was bred in China from the

Prussian carp The Prussian carp, silver Prussian carp or Gibel carp (''Carassius gibelio''), is a member of the family Cyprinidae, which includes many other fish, such as the common carp, goldfish, and the smaller minnows. It is a medium-sized cyprinid, and d ...

(''Carassius (auratus) gibelio''). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was much fancied by Chinese nobility as early as 1150AD and after it arrived there in 1502, also in

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

. In the latter country, from the 18th century onwards, the common carp was bred into the ornamental variety known as

koi or more specifically , are colored varieties of the Amur carp ('' Cyprinus rubrofuscus'') that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds or water gardens. Koi is an informal name for the colored variants of ''C. rubrofuscus'' ke ...

– or more accurately , as simply means "common carp" in

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

. Other popular aquarium cyprinids include

danionin The danionins are a group of small, minnow-type fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae. Members of this group are mostly in the genera '' Danio'', '' Devario'', and ''Rasbora''._They_are_primarily_native_to_the_ s_...''._They_are_primarily_nati ...

s, rasborines, and true barbs. Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

, and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by

characid Characidae, the characids or characins is a family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish, belonging to the order Characiformes. The name "characins" is the historical one, but scientists today tend to prefer "characids" to reflect their sta ...

s and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria. One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the

zebrafish The zebrafish (''Danio rerio'') is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family ( Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes. Native to South Asia, it is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name zebra danio (and thus often ...

(''Danio rerio''). It has become the standard

model species A model organism (often shortened to model) is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workin ...

for studying developmental genetics of

vertebrate Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () ( chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, ...

s, in particular fish.

Threatened families

Habitat destruction Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby ...

and other causes have reduced the wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

. In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily

Leuciscinae Leuciscinae is a subfamily of the freshwater fish family Cyprinidae, which contains the true minnows. Members of the Old World (OW) clade of minnows within this subfamily are known as European minnows. As the name suggests, most members of the O ...

from southwestern North America have been hit hard by

pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the ...

and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct

cypriniform Cypriniformes is an order of ray-finned fish, including the carps, minnows, loaches, and relatives. Cypriniformes is an Order within the Superorder Ostariophysi consisting of "Carp-like" Ostariophysins. This order contains 11-12 families ...

species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Systematics

The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spe ...

in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example, the

Cultrinae The Cultrinae are one of at least 13 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains ten genera. Recognized genera * ''Anabarilius'' (21 species) * ''Ancherythroculter'' (5 species) * '' Chanodichthys'' (5 species) * '' Culter'' (4 species) * ''Cult ...

and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from

Cyprininae The Cyprininae are one of at least 11 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains three genera in its strictest definition but many more are included depending on which authority is defining it, especially if the Labeobarbinae is not considered t ...

but the overall systematics and

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of

are ''

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...

'', too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty. Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche, or have

coevolved In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection. The term sometimes is used for two traits in the same species affecting each other's evolution, as well ...

for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family. The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the

Labeoninae Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species el ...

Squaliobarbinae Squaliobarbinae is a small subfamily of the carp and minnow family, Cyprinidae, which consists of three monotypic genera which have their natural distributions in eastern Asia. Two species, the grass carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') and the b ...

also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the

large-headed carp The bighead carp (''Hypophthalmichthys nobilis'') is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish native to East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both Geography, geographical and culture, ethno-cultural terms. Th ...

s ( Hypophthalmichthyinae) with ''

Xenocypris ''Xenocypris'' is a genus of cyprinid fish found in eastern Asia. There are currently seven species in this genus, one, ''X. yushensis'', being known only from fossils, and one, ''X. yunnanensis'', which is critically endangered or recently exti ...

'', though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae. The entirely

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

"Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of the Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African "

s" do not belong in ''

Barbus ''Barbus'' is a genus of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. The type species of ''Barbus'' is the common barbel, first described as ''Cyprinus barbus'' and now named ''Barbus barbus''. ''Barbus'' is the namesake genus of the subfamil ...

'' '' sensu stricto'' – indeed, they are as distant from the typical

s and the

typical carp ''Cyprinus'' is the genus of typical carps in family Cyprinidae. Most species in the genus are of East Asia origin with only the common carp (''C. carpio'') in Western Asia and Europe; this invasive species has also been Introduced species, intr ...

s (''Cyprinus'') as these are from ''

Garra ''Garra'' is a genus of fish in the family Cyprinidae. These fish are one example of the "log suckers", sucker-mouthed barbs and other cyprinids commonly kept in aquaria to keep down algae. The doctor fish of Anatolia and the Middle East belo ...

'' (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such a radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature. The

tench The tench or doctor fish (''Tinca tinca'') is a fresh- and brackish-water fish of the order Cypriniformes found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including the British Isles east into Asia as far as the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. It is also ...

(''Tinca tinca''), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

analysis of

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

data of the S7

ribosomal protein A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. ''E. coli'', other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit an ...

intron1 supports the view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian ''Aphyocypris'', ''Hemigrammocypris'', and ''Yaoshanicus''. They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene, when their divergence presumably occurred. A DNA-based analysis of these fish places the Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae. The subfamilies

, Gobioninae, and

are monophyletic.

Subfamilies and genera

Pseudogobio esocinus(Hamamatsu,Shizuoka,Japan)

The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies:

Subfamily
Acheilognathinae The bitterling-like cyprinids form the cyprinid subfamily Acheilognathinae. This subfamily contains four genera, although the Khanka spiny bitterling is often placed in ''Acheilognathus'', and at least 71 described species to date. Over half of t ...

* ''Acanthorhodeus'' (Khanka spiny bitterling) * ''Acheilognathus'' (bitterlings) * ''Rhodeus'' (bitterlings) * ''Tanakia'' (bitterlings)

Subfamily Alburninae

* ''Alburnoides'' * ''Alburnus'' (bleaks) * ''Aspiolucius'' (pike asp) * ''Metzia''

Subfamily Barbinae

* ''Acrossocheilus'' * ''Anchicyclocheilus halfibindus, Anchicyclocheilus'' * ''Aulopyge'' (Dalmatian barbelgudgeon) * ''Balantiocheilos'' * ''

'' (typical barbels and barbs) * ''Carasobarbus'' * ''Clypeobarbus'' * ''Dawkinsia'' * ''Desmopuntius'' * ''Diptychus'' * ''Enteromius'' * ''Haludaria'' * ''Hsianwenia wui, Hsianwenia'' * ''Kalimantania'' * ''Luciobarbus'' * ''Mesopotamichthys'' * ''Neobarynotus'' * ''Oliotius'' * ''Oreichthys'' * ''Pethia'' * ''Pseudobarbus'' (redfins) * ''Puntigrus'' * ''Puntius'' (spotted barbs) * ''Sahyadria'' * ''Schizopyge'' (snowtrouts) * ''Schizothorax'' (snowtrouts) * ''Sinocyclocheilus'' (golden-line fish) * ''Striuntius'' * ''Systomus''

Subfamily
Cultrinae The Cultrinae are one of at least 13 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains ten genera. Recognized genera * ''Anabarilius'' (21 species) * ''Ancherythroculter'' (5 species) * '' Chanodichthys'' (5 species) * '' Culter'' (4 species) * ''Cult ...

* ''Anabarilius'' * ''Chanodichthys'' * ''Culter (genus), Culter'' * ''Cultrichthys'' * ''Hainania (fish), Hainania'' * ''Hemiculter'' (sharpbellies) * ''Ischikauia'' * ''Megalobrama'' * ''Parabramis'' (white Amur bream) * ''Paralaubuca'' * ''Pseudohemiculter'' * ''Pseudolaubuca'' * ''Sinibrama'' * ''Toxabramis''

Subfamily
Cyprininae The Cyprininae are one of at least 11 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains three genera in its strictest definition but many more are included depending on which authority is defining it, especially if the Labeobarbinae is not considered t ...

* ''Arabibarbus'' * ''Barboides'' * ''Barbonymus'' (tinfoil barbs) * ''Capoeta'' (khramulyas) * ''Carassioides'' * ''Carassius'' (Crucian carps and

) * ''Cyprinus'' (typical carps) * ''Eechathalakenda'' * ''Gymnocypris''

Subfamily Danioninae

* ''Amblypharyngodon'' (carplets) * ''Aspidoparia'' * ''Barilius'' * ''Betadevario'' * ''Boraras'' (rasboras) * ''Cabdio morar, Cabdio'' * ''Chelaethiops'' * ''Chela (fish), Chela'' * ''Danio'' (danios) * ''Danionella'' * ''Devario'' * ''Esomus'' (flying barbs) * ''Engraulicypris'' * ''Fangfangia'' * ''Horadandia'' * ''Inlecypris'' * ''Laubuka'' * ''Leptocypris'' * ''Luciosoma'' * ''Malayochela'' * ''Microdevario'' * ''Microrasbora'' * ''Nematabramis'' * ''Neobola'' * ''Opsaridium'' * ''Opsarius'' * ''Paedocypris'' * ''Pectenocypris'' * ''Raiamas'' * ''Rasbora'' * ''Rasboroides'' * ''Rasbosoma'' (dwarf scissortail rasbora) * ''Rastrineobola'' (silver cyprinid) * ''Salmostoma'' (razorbelly minnows) * ''Securicula'' * ''Sundadanio'' * ''Trigonopoma'' * ''Trigonostigma''

Subfamily Gobioninae

* ''Abbottina'' (false gudgeons) * ''Belligobio'' * ''Biwia'' * ''Coreius'' * ''Coreoleuciscus'' * ''Gnathopogon'' * ''Gobio'' (typical gudgeons) * ''Gobiobotia'' * ''Gobiocypris'' * ''Hemibarbus'' (steeds) * ''Huigobio'' * ''Ladislavia'' * ''Mesogobio'' * ''Microphysogobio'' * ''Paracanthobrama'' * ''Paraleucogobio'' * ''Parasqualidus maii, Parasqualidus'' * ''Platysmacheilus'' * ''Pseudogobio'' * ''Pseudopungtungia'' * ''Pseudorasbora'' * ''Pungtungia'' * ''Rhinogobio'' * ''Romanogobio'' * ''Sarcocheilichthys'' * ''Saurogobio'' * ''Squalidus'' * ''Xenophysogobio''

Subfamily
Labeoninae Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species el ...

* ''Bangana'' * ''Brevibora'' * ''Cirrhinus'' (mud carps) * ''Cophecheilus'' * ''Crossocheilus'' * ''Discocheilus'' * ''Discogobio'' * ''Discolabeo'' * ''

'' * ''Henicorhynchus'' * ''Horalabiosa'' * ''Hongshuia'' * ''Labeo'' (labeos) * ''Labeobarbus'' (yellowfish) * ''Labiobarbus'' * ''Longanalus'' * ''Osteochilichthys'' * ''Osteochilus'' * ''Paraqianlabeo'' * ''Parasinilabeo'' * ''Placocheilus'' * ''Protolabeo'' * ''Pseudocrossocheilus'' * ''Pseudogyrinocheilus'' * ''Ptychidio'' * ''Qianlabeo'' * ''Rectoris'' * ''Semilabeo'' * ''Sinigarra'' * ''Sinilabeo'' * ''Sinocrossocheilus'' * ''Stenorynchoacrum'' * ''Tariqilabeo'' * ''Vinagarra'' * ''Vinalabeo''

Subfamily Leptobarbinae

* ''Leptobarbus'' Hemitremia flammea

Subfamily
Leuciscinae Leuciscinae is a subfamily of the freshwater fish family Cyprinidae, which contains the true minnows. Members of the Old World (OW) clade of minnows within this subfamily are known as European minnows. As the name suggests, most members of the O ...

* ''Abramis'' (common bream) * ''Acanthobrama'' (bleaks) * ''Achondrostoma'' * ''Anaecypris'' * ''Acrocheilus'' (chiselmouth) * ''Agosia'' (longfin dace) * ''Algansea'' (Mexican chubs) * ''Aztecula'' (Aztec chub) * ''Ballerus'' (breams) * ''Blicca'' (silver bream) * ''Campostoma'' (stonerollers) * ''Chondrostoma'' (typical nases) * ''Chrosomus'' (typical daces) * ''Clinostomus'' (redside daces) * ''Codoma'' (ornate shiner) * ''Coreoleuciscus'' (Korean splendid dace) * ''Couesius'' (lake chub) * ''Cyprinella'' (satinfin shiners) * ''Delminichthys'' * ''Dionda'' (desert minnows) * ''Eremichthys'' (desert dace) * ''Ericymba'' (longjaw minnows) * ''Erimystax'' (slender chubs) * extinct, †''Evarra'' (Mexican daces) * ''Exoglossum'' (cutlips minnows) * ''Gila (genus), Gila'' (western chubs) * ''Hemitremia'' (flame chub) * ''Hesperoleucus'' (California roach) * ''Hybognathus'' (silvery minnows) * ''Hybopsis'' (bigeye chubs) * ''Iberochondrostoma'' * ''Iberocypris'' * ''Iotichthys'' (least chub) * ''Kottelatia'' * ''Ladigesocypris'' * ''Lavinia (fish), Lavinia'' (hitch) * ''Lepidomeda'' (spinedaces) * ''Leucalburnus'' * ''Leucaspius'' (moderlieschen) * ''Leuciscus'' (Eurasian daces) * ''Leucos'' * ''Luxilus'' (highscale shiners) * ''Lythrurus'' (finescale shiners) * ''Macrhybopsis'' (blacktail chubs) * ''Margariscus'' (pearl daces) * ''Meda (genus), Meda'' (pikedace) * ''Moapa (fish), Moapa'' (moapa dace) * ''Mylocheilus'' (peamouth) * ''Mylopharodon'' (hardhead) * ''Nocomis'' (hornyhead chubs) * ''Notemigonus'' (golden shiner) * ''Notropis'' (eastern shiners) * ''Opsopoeodus'' (pugnose minnow) * ''Oregonichthys'' (Oregon chubs) * ''Orthodon'' (Sacramento blackfish) * ''Pachychilon'' * ''Parachondrostoma'' * ''Pararhinichthys'' (cheat minnow) * ''Pelasgus (fish), Pelasgus'' * ''Pelecus'' (sabre carp) * ''Petroleuciscus'' (Ponto-Caspian chubs and daces) * ''Phenacobius'' (suckermouth minnows) * ''Phoxinellus'' * ''Phoxinus'' (Eurasian minnows and daces) * ''Pimephales'' (bluntnose minnows) * ''Plagopterus'' (woundfin) * ''Platygobio'' (flathead chub) * ''Pogonichthys'' (splittails) * ''Protochondrostoma'' (South European nase) * ''Pseudochondrostoma'' * ''Pseudophoxinus'' * ''Pteronotropis'' (flagfin shiners) * ''Ptychocheilus'' (pikeminnows) * ''Relictus'' (relict dace) * ''Rhinichthys'' (riffle daces, loach minnows) (including ''Tiaroga'') * ''Rhynchocypris'' (Eurasian minnows) * ''Richardsonius'' (redside shiners) * ''Rutilus'' (roaches) * ''Sarmarutilus'' * ''Scardinius'' (rudds) * ''Semotilus'' (creek chubs) * ''Siphateles'' * ''Snyderichthys'' (spinedaces) * ''Squalius'' (European chubs) * extinct, †''Stypodon'' (stumptooth minnow) * ''Tampichthys'' * ''Telestes'' * ''Tribolodon'' * ''Tropidophoxinellus'' * ''Vimba'' (Vimbas) * ''Yuriria (fish), Yuriria''

Subfamily Tincinae

* ''Tanichthys'' * ''Tench, Tinca'' Trigonostigma somphongsi

Subfamily
Squaliobarbinae Squaliobarbinae is a small subfamily of the carp and minnow family, Cyprinidae, which consists of three monotypic genera which have their natural distributions in eastern Asia. Two species, the grass carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') and the b ...

* ''Ctenopharyngodon'' (grass carp) * ''Mylopharyngodon'' (black carp) * ''Squaliobarbus''

Subfamily Xenocyprinae

* ''Distoechodon'' * ''Hypophthalmichthys'' (bighead carps) * ''Plagiognathops'' * ''Pseudobrama'' * ''

''Incertae sedis''

* ''Aaptosyax'' (giant salmon carp) * ''Acanthalburnus'' (bleaks) * ''Acanthogobio'' * ''Acapoeta tanganicae, Acapoeta'' * ''Albulichthys'' * ''Amblyrhynchichthys'' * ''Ancherythroculter'' * ''Aphyocypris'' * ''Araiocypris'' * ''Aspiorhynchus'' * ''Atrilinea'' * ''Barbichthys'' * ''Barbodes'' * ''Barbopsis'' (Somalian blind barb) * ''Caecobarbus'' (Congo blind barb) * ''Caecocypris'' * ''Candidia'' * ''Capoetobrama'' * ''Catlocarpio'' * ''Chagunius'' * ''Chuanchia'' * ''Coptostomabarbus'' * ''Cosmochilus'' * ''Cyclocheilichthys'' * ''Cyprinion'' * ''Diplocheilichthys'' * ''Discherodontus'' * ''Eirmotus'' * ''Elopichthys'' * ''Epalzeorhynchos'' * ''Folifer'' * ''Catla, Gibelion'' (catla) (some authorities consider this species to belong in the genus ''Catla'') * ''Gymnodanio'' * ''Gymnodiptychus'' * ''Hampala'' * ''Hemiculterella'' * ''Hemigrammocypris'' (close to ''Aphyocypris''?) * ''Herzensteinia'' * ''Hypselobarbus'' * ''Hypsibarbus'' * ''Laocypris'' * ''Lepidopygopsis'' * ''Linichthys'' * ''Lobocheilos'' * ''Longiculter'' * ''Luciobrama'' * ''Luciocyprinus'' * ''Macrochirichthys'' (long pectoral-fin minnow) * ''Megarasbora'' * ''Mekongina'' * ''Metzia'' * ''Mystacoleucus'' * ''Naziritor'' (Zhobi mahseers) * ''Neolissochilus'' (''mahseers'') * ''Nipponocypris'' * ''Ochetobius'' * ''Onychostoma'' * ''Opsariichthys'' * ''Oreoleuciscus'' * ''Osteobrama'' * ''Oxygaster'' * ''Oxygymnocypris'' * ''Parachela (fish), Parachela'' * ''Paracrossochilus'' * ''Parapsilorhynchus'' * ''Parasikukia'' * ''Paraspinibarbus'' * ''Parator (fish), Parator'' * ''Parazacco'' * ''Percocypris'' * ''Phreatichthys'' (Somalian cavefish) * ''Placogobio'' * ''Platypharodon'' * ''Pogobrama'' * ''Poropuntius'' * ''Probarbus'' * ''Procypris'' * ''Prolabeo'' * ''Prolabeops'' * ''Pseudaspius'' * ''Ptychobarbus'' * ''Puntioplites'' * ''Rasborichthys'' * ''Rohtee'' (Vatani rohtee) * ''Rohteichthys'' * ''Sanagia'' * ''Sawbwa (fish), Sawbwa'' (Sawbwa barb) * ''Scaphiodonichthys'' * ''Scaphognathops'' * ''Scardinius'' (rudds) * ''Schismatorhynchos'' * ''Schizocypris'' (snowtrouts) * ''Schizopygopsis'' (snowtrouts) * ''Semiplotus'' * ''Sikukia'' * ''Spinibarbus'' * ''Thryssocypris'' * ''Thynnichthys'' * ''Tor (fish), Tor'' (''mahseers'') * ''Troglocyclocheilus'' * ''Tropidophoxinellus'' * ''Typhlobarbus'' * ''Typhlogarra'' (Iraq blind barb) * ''Xenobarbus'' * ''Xenocyprioides'' * ''Zacco (fish), Zacco'' With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information is discovered, for example:

Phylogeny

Subfamily Probarbinae * ''Catlocarpio'' * ''Probarbus'' Subfamily

* Tribe Parapsilorhynchini ** ''Diplocheilichthys'' ** ''Neorohita'' ** ''Parapsilorhynchus'' ** ''Longanalus'' ** ''Protolabeo'' ** ''Sinilabeo'' * Tribe Labeonini ** ''Bangana'' ** ''Cirrhinus'' (mud carps) ** ''Decourus'' ** ''Gymnostomus'' ** ''Incisilabeo'' ** ''Labeo'' (labeos) ** ''Speolabeo'' ** ''Schismatorhynchos'' * Tribe Garrini ** ''

'' ** ''Paracrossocheilus'' ** ''Tariqilabeo'' ** ''Osteochilus'' clade *** ''Barbichthys'' *** ''Crossocheilus'' *** ''Epalzeorhynchos'' *** ''Henicorhynchus'' *** ''Labiobarbus'' *** ''Lobocheilos'' *** ''Osteochilus'' *** ''Thynnichthys'' ** ''Semilabeo'' clade *** ''Ageneiogarra'' *** ''Altigena'' *** ''Cophecheilus'' *** ''Discogobio'' *** ''Hongshuia'' *** ''Linichthys'' *** ''Mekongina'' *** ''Paraqianlabeo'' *** ''Parasinilabeo'' *** ''Placocheilus'' *** ''Prolixicheilus'' *** ''Pseudocrossocheilus'' *** ''Pseudogyrinocheilus'' *** ''Ptychidio'' *** ''Qianlabeo'' *** ''Rectoris'' *** ''Semilabeo'' *** ''Sinigarra'' *** ''Sinocrossocheilus'' *** ''Stenorynchoacrum'' Subfamily Torinae * ''Acapoeta tanganicae, Acapoeta'' * ''Arabibarbus'' * ''Barbopsis'' (Somalian blind barb) * ''Carasobarbus'' * ''Hypselobarbus'' * ''Labeobarbus'' (yellowfish) * ''Lepidopygopsis'' * ''Mesopotamichthys'' * ''Naziritor'' (Zhobi mahseers) * ''Neolissochilus'' (mahseers) * ''Osteochilichthys'' * ''Pterocapoeta'' * ''Sanagia'' * ''Tor (fish), Tor'' (mahseers) * ''Pterocapoeta'' Subfamily Smiliogastrinae * ''Barbodes'' * ''Barboides'' * ''Caecobarbus'' (Congo blind barb) * ''Chagunius'' * ''Clypeobarbus'' * ''Coptostomabarbus'' * ''Dawkinsia'' * ''Desmopuntius'' * ''Eechathalakenda'' * ''Enteromius'' * ''Haludaria'' * ''Hampala'' * ''Oliotius'' * ''Oreichthys'' * ''Osteobrama'' * ''Pethia'' * ''Prolabeo'' * ''Prolabeops'' * ''Pseudobarbus'' (redfins) * ''Puntigrus'' * ''Puntius'' (spotted barbs) * ''Rohtee'' (Vatani rohtee) * ''Sahyadria'' * ''Striuntius'' * ''Systomus'' * ''Xenobarbus'' Subfamily

[incl. Barbinae] * Tribe Cyprinini ** ''Aaptosyax'' (giant salmon carp) ** ''Carassioides'' ** ''Carassius'' (Crucian carps and

) ** ''Cyprinus'' (typical carps) ** ''Luciocyprinus'' ** ''Paraspinibarbus'' ** ''Parator (fish), Parator'' ** ''Procypris'' ** ''Pseudosinocyclocheilus'' ** ''Sinibarbus'' ** ''Sinocyclocheilus'' (golden-line fish) ** ''Typhlobarbus'' * Tribe Rohteichthyini ** ''Albulichthys'' ** ''Amblyrhynchichthys'' ** ''Anematichthys'' ** ''Balantiocheilos'' ** ''Barbonymus'' (tinfoil barbs) ** ''Cosmochilus'' ** ''Cyclocheilichthys'' ** ''Cyclocheilos'' ** ''Discherodontus'' ** ''Eirmotus'' ** ''Hypsibarbus'' ** ''Kalimantania'' ** ''Laocypris'' ** ''Mystacoleucus'' ** ''Parasikukia'' ** ''Poropuntius'' ** ''Puntioplites'' ** ''Rohteichthys'' ** ''Sawbwa (fish), Sawbwa'' (Sawbwa barb) ** ''Scaphognathops'' ** ''Sikukia'' ** ''Troglocyclocheilus'' * Tribe Acrossocheilini ** ''Acrossocheilus'' ** ''Folifer'' ** ''Onychostoma'' * Tribe Spinibarbini ** ''Spinibarbus'' ** ''Spinibarbichthys'' * Tribe Schizothoracini ** ''Aspiorhynchus'' ** ''Percocypris'' ** ''Schizopyge'' (snowtrouts) ** ''Schizothorax'' (snowtrouts) * Tribe Schizopygopsini ** ''Chuanchia'' ** ''Diptychus'' ** ''Gymnocypris'' ** ''Gymnodiptychus'' ** ''Oreinus'' ** ''Oxygymnocypris'' ** ''Platypharodon'' ** ''Ptychobarbus'' ** ''Schizopygopsis'' (snowtrouts) * Tribe Barbini (fish), Barbini ** ''Aulopyge'' (Dalmatian barbelgudgeon) ** ''

'' (typical barbels and barbs) ** ''Hsianwenia wui, Hsianwenia'' ** ''Caecocypris'' ** ''Capoeta'' (khramulyas) ** ''Cyprinion'' ** ''Kantaka'' ** ''Luciobarbus'' ** ''Scaphiodonichthys'' ** ''Schizocypris'' (snowtrouts) ** ''Semiplotus'' Subfamily Danioninae * Tribe Paedocypridini ** ''Paedocypris'' * Tribe Sundadanionini ** ''Fangfangia'' ** ''Sundadanio'' * Tribe Rasborini ** ''Amblypharyngodon'' (carplets) ** ''Boraras'' (rasboras) ** ''Brevibora'' ** ''Horadandia'' ** ''Kottelatia'' ** ''Pectenocypris'' ** ''Rasbora'' ** ''Rasboroides'' ** ''Rasbosoma'' (dwarf scissortail rasbora) ** ''Trigonopoma'' ** ''Trigonostigma'' * Tribe Danionini ** ''Betadevario'' ** ''Brachydanio'' ** ''Celestichthys'' ** ''Chela (fish), Chela'' ** ''Danio'' (danios) ** ''Danionella'' ** ''Devario'' ** ''Inlecypris'' ** ''Laubuka'' ** ''Microdevario'' ** ''Microrasbora'' * Tribe Chedrini ** ''Barilius'' ** ''Bengala (fish), Bengala'' ** ''Cabdio morar, Cabdio'' [''Aspidoparia''] ** ''Chelaethiops'' ** ''Engraulicypris'' ** ''Esomus'' (flying barbs) ** ''Leptocypris'' ** ''Luciosoma'' ** ''Malayochela'' ** ''Nematabramis'' ** ''Neobola'' ** ''Opsaridium'' ** ''Opsarius'' ** ''Raiamas'' ** ''Rastrineobola'' (silver cyprinid) ** ''Salmostoma'' (razorbelly minnows) ** ''Securicula'' ** ''Thryssocypris'' Subfamily Leptobarbinae * ''Leptobarbus'' Hemitremia flammea

Subfamily Xenocyprinae, Xenocypridinae [incl.

] * Tribe Squaliobarbini ** ''Squaliobarbus'' * Tribe Opsariichthyini ** ''Candidia'' ** ''Nipponocypris'' ** ''Opsariichthys'' ** ''Parazacco'' ** ''Xenocyprioides'' * Tribe Oxygastrini ** ''Aphyocypris'' ** ''Araiocypris'' ** ''Gymnodanio'' ** ''Hemigrammocypris'' ** ''Macrochirichthys'' (long pectoral-fin minnow) ** ''Metzia'' ** ''Oxygaster'' ** ''Parachela (fish), Parachela'' ** ''Paralaubuca'' ** ''Rasborichthys'' * Tribe Hypophthalmichthyini ** ''Atrilinea'' ** ''Ctenopharyngodon'' (grass carp) ** ''Elopichthys'' ** ''Hypophthalmichthys'' (bighead carps) ** ''Luciobrama'' ** ''Mylopharyngodon'' (black carp) ** ''Ochetobius'' * Tribe Xenocypridini ** Subtribe Xenocypridina *** ''Distoechodon'' *** ''Plagiognathops'' *** ''Pseudobrama'' *** ''

'' ** Subtribe Cultrina *** ''Anabarilius'' *** ''Chanodichthys'' *** ''Culter (fish), Culter'' *** ''Ischikauia'' *** ''Longiculter'' *** ''Megalobrama'' *** ''Parabramis'' (white Amur bream) *** ''Pogobrama'' *** ''Sinibrama'' ** ''Hemiculter'' clade *** ''Hainania (fish), Hainania'' *** ''Hemiculter'' (sharpbellies) *** ''Pseudohemiculter'' *** ''Pseudolaubuca'' *** ''Toxabramis'' Subfamily Tincinae * ''Tench, Tinca'' Subfamily

(bitterlings) * ?''Acanthorhodeus'' (Khanka spiny bitterling) * ''Acheilognathus'' * ''Paratanakia'' * ''Pseudorhodeus'' * ''Rhodeus'' * ''Tanakia'' Subfamily Gobioninae * ''Hemibarbus''-''Squalidus'' clade ** ''Belligobio'' ** ''Hemibarbus'' (steeds) ** ''Squalidus'' * Tribe Gobionini ** Subtribe Gobiobotiina *** ''Gobiobotia'' *** ''Xenophysogobio'' ** Subtribe Gobionina *** ''Gobio'' (typical gudgeons) *** ''Mesogobio'' *** ''Romanogobio'' *** ''Acanthogobio'' ** Subtribe Armatogobionina *** ''Abbottina'' (false gudgeons) *** ''Biwia'' *** ?''Huigobio'' *** ''Microphysogobio'' *** ''Platysmacheilus'' *** ''Pseudogobio'' *** ''Saurogobio'' * Tribe Sarcocheilichthyini ** ''Coreius'' ** ''Coreoleuciscus'' (Korean splendid dace) ** ''Gnathopogon'' ** ''Gobiocypris'' ** ''Ladislavia'' ** ''Paracanthobrama'' ** ''Paraleucogobio'' ** ?''Parasqualidus maii, Parasqualidus'' ** ''Pseudopungtungia'' ** ''Pseudorasbora'' ** ''Pungtungia'' ** ''Rhinogobio'' ** ''Sarcocheilichthys'' Subfamily Tanichthyinae * ''Tanichthys'' Subfamily

[incl. Alburninae] * Tribe Phoxinini ** ''Oreoleuciscus'' ** ''Phoxinus'' (Eurasian minnows and daces) ** ''Pseudaspius'' * Tribe Laviniini ** Subtribe Chrosomina *** ''Chrosomus'' (typical daces) ** Subtribe Laviniina *** ''Eremichthys'' (desert dace) *** ''Gila (fish), Gila'' (western chubs) *** ''Hesperoleucus'' (California roach) *** ''Klamathella'' *** ''Lavinia (fish), Lavinia'' (hitch) *** ''Mylopharodon'' (hardhead) *** ''Orthodon'' (Sacramento blackfish) *** ''Ptychocheilus'' (pikeminnows) *** ''Relictus'' (relict dace) *** ''Siphateles'' * Tribe Leuciscini ** ''Pachychilon'' clade *** ''Pachychilon'' ** ''Alburnoides'' clade *** ''Alburnoides'' ** Primitive Leuciscine clade *** ''Delminichthys'' *** ''Leucalburnus'' *** ''Notemigonus'' (golden shiner) *** ''Pelasgus (fish), Pelasgus'' ** Subtribe Leuciscina *** ''Aspiolucius'' (pike asp) *** ''Leuciscus'' (Eurasian daces) *** ''Pelecus'' (sabre carp) ** Subtribe Abramina *** ''Abramis'' (common bream) *** ''Acanthobrama'' (bleaks) *** ''Capoetobrama'' *** ''Mirogrex'' *** ''Vimba'' (Vimbas) ** Subtribe Chondrostomina *** ''Achondrostoma'' *** ''Alburnus'' (bleaks) *** ''Anaecypris'' *** ''Chondrostoma'' (typical nases) *** ''Iberochondrostoma'' *** ''Leucaspius'' (moderlieschen) *** ''Leucos'' *** ''Parachondrostoma'' *** ''Petroleuciscus'' (Ponto-Caspian chubs and daces) *** ''Phoxinellus'' *** ''Protochondrostoma'' (South European nase) *** ''Pseudochondrostoma'' *** ''Pseudophoxinus'' *** ''Rutilus'' (roaches) *** ''Sarmarutilus'' *** ''Scardinius'' (rudds) *** ''Squalius'' (European chubs) *** ''Telestes'' *** ''Tropidophoxinellus'' * Tribe Plagiopterini ** ''Couesius'' (lake chub) ** ''Hemitremia'' (flame chub) ** ''Lepidomeda'' (spinedaces) ** ''Margariscus'' (pearl daces) ** ''Meda (fish), Meda'' (pikedace) ** ''Plagopterus'' (woundfin) ** ''Rhynchocypris'' (Eurasian minnows) ** ''Semotilus'' (creek chubs) ** extinct, †''Stypodon'' (stumptooth minnow) * Tribe Pogonichthyini ** Subtribe Pogonichthyina *** ''Clinostomus'' (redside daces) *** ''Iotichthys'' (least chub) *** ''Mylocheilus'' (peamouth) *** ''Pogonichthys'' (splittails) *** ''Richardsonius'' (redside shiners) ** Subtribe Exoglossina *** ''Exoglossum'' (cutlips minnows) *** ''Oregonichthys'' (Oregon chubs) *** ''Pararhinichthys'' (cheat minnow) *** ''Rhinichthys'' (riffle daces, loach minnows) *** ''Tiaroga'' ** Subtribe Campostomina *** ''Campostoma'' (stonerollers) *** ''Nocomis'' (hornyhead chubs) ** Subtribe Hybognathina *** ''Agosia'' (longfin dace) *** ''Alburnops'' *** ''Algansea'' (Mexican chubs) *** ?''Aztecula'' (Aztec chub) *** ?''Ballerus'' (breams) *** ?''Blicca'' (silver bream) *** ''Codoma'' (ornate shiner) *** ''Cyprinella'' (satinfin shiners) *** ''Dionda'' (desert minnows) *** ?''Ericymba'' (longjaw minnows) *** ''Erimonax'' *** ''Erimystax'' (slender chubs) *** extinct, †''Evarra'' (Mexican daces) *** ''Graodus'' *** ''Hudsonius'' *** ''Hybognathus'' (silvery minnows) *** ''Hybopsis'' (bigeye chubs) *** ?''Iberocypris'' *** ?''Ladigesocypris'' *** ''Luxilus'' (highscale shiners) *** ''Lythrurus'' (finescale shiners) *** ''Macrhybopsis'' (blacktail chubs) *** ''Miniellus'' *** ?''Moapa (fish), Moapa'' (moapa dace) *** ''Notropis'' (eastern shiners) *** ''Opsopoeodus'' (pugnose minnow) *** ''Phenacobius'' (suckermouth minnows) *** ''Pimephales'' (bluntnose minnows) *** ''Platygobio'' (flathead chub) *** ''Pteronotropis'' (flagfin shiners) *** ?''Snyderichthys'' (spinedaces) *** ''Tampichthys'' *** ?''Tribolodon'' *** ?''Yuriria (fish), Yuriria''

''Incertae sedis''

* ''Acanthalburnus'' (bleaks) * ''Acrocheilus'' (chiselmouth) * ''Ancherythroculter'' * ''Anchicyclocheilus halfibindus, Anchicyclocheilus'' * ''Catla, Gibelion'' (catla) (some authorities consider this species to belong in the genus ''Catla'') * ''Cultrichthys'' * ''Discocheilus'' * ''Discolabeo'' * ''Hemiculterella'' * ''Herzensteinia'' * ''Horalabiosa'' * ''Megarasbora'' * ''Neobarynotus microlepis, Neobarynotus'' * ''Paracrossochilus'' * ''Phreatichthys'' (Somalian cavefish) * ''Placogobio'' * ''Scardinius'' (rudds) * ''Tropidophoxinellus'' * ''Typhlogarra'' (Iraq blind barb) * ''Zacco (fish), Zacco''

References

External links

{{Authority control Cyprinidae, Ray-finned fish families Fish of North America Fish of Asia Fish of Europe Fish of Africa Extant Eocene first appearances

Biology and ecology

Relationship with humans

Food

Sport

As pest control

As a pest species

Aquarium fish

Threatened families

Systematics

Subfamilies and genera

Subfamily Acheilognathinae The bitterling-like cyprinids form the cyprinid subfamily Acheilognathinae. This subfamily contains four genera, although the Khanka spiny bitterling is often placed in ''Acheilognathus'', and at least 71 described species to date. Over half of t ...

Subfamily Alburninae

Subfamily Barbinae

Subfamily Cultrinae The Cultrinae are one of at least 13 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains ten genera. Recognized genera * ''Anabarilius'' (21 species) * ''Ancherythroculter'' (5 species) * '' Chanodichthys'' (5 species) * '' Culter'' (4 species) * ''Cult ...

Subfamily Cyprininae The Cyprininae are one of at least 11 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains three genera in its strictest definition but many more are included depending on which authority is defining it, especially if the Labeobarbinae is not considered t ...

Subfamily Danioninae

Subfamily Gobioninae

Subfamily Labeoninae Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species el ...

Subfamily Leptobarbinae

Subfamily Leuciscinae Leuciscinae is a subfamily of the freshwater fish family Cyprinidae, which contains the true minnows. Members of the Old World (OW) clade of minnows within this subfamily are known as European minnows. As the name suggests, most members of the O ...

Subfamily Tincinae

Subfamily Squaliobarbinae Squaliobarbinae is a small subfamily of the carp and minnow family, Cyprinidae, which consists of three monotypic genera which have their natural distributions in eastern Asia. Two species, the grass carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') and the b ...

Subfamily Xenocyprinae

''Incertae sedis''

Phylogeny

''Incertae sedis''

See also

References

External links

Subfamily
Acheilognathinae The bitterling-like cyprinids form the cyprinid subfamily Acheilognathinae. This subfamily contains four genera, although the Khanka spiny bitterling is often placed in ''Acheilognathus'', and at least 71 described species to date. Over half of t ...

Subfamily
Cultrinae The Cultrinae are one of at least 13 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains ten genera. Recognized genera * ''Anabarilius'' (21 species) * ''Ancherythroculter'' (5 species) * '' Chanodichthys'' (5 species) * '' Culter'' (4 species) * ''Cult ...

Subfamily
Cyprininae The Cyprininae are one of at least 11 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains three genera in its strictest definition but many more are included depending on which authority is defining it, especially if the Labeobarbinae is not considered t ...

Subfamily
Labeoninae Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species el ...

Subfamily
Leuciscinae Leuciscinae is a subfamily of the freshwater fish family Cyprinidae, which contains the true minnows. Members of the Old World (OW) clade of minnows within this subfamily are known as European minnows. As the name suggests, most members of the O ...

Subfamily
Squaliobarbinae Squaliobarbinae is a small subfamily of the carp and minnow family, Cyprinidae, which consists of three monotypic genera which have their natural distributions in eastern Asia. Two species, the grass carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') and the b ...