Czesław Bobrowski (17 February 1904, in Sarny – 18 May 1996, in

Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...

) was a Polish economist. In postwar Poland, he was a director of Central Planning Office (''Centralny Urząd Planowania'') from 1945–1948, author of the Three-Year Plan. He was also a member of the

State National Council Krajowa Rada Narodowa in Polish language, Polish (translated as State National Council or Homeland National Council, abbreviated to KRN) was a parliament-like political body created during the later stages of World War II in Nazi Germany, German- ...

(1945–1947) and

Parliament In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...

(1947–1948). Sidelined by

Stalinist Stalinism (, ) is the totalitarian means of governing and Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1927 to 1953 by dictator Joseph Stalin and in Soviet satellite states between 1944 and 1953. Stalinism in ...

hardliners, he returned to politics after the

Polish October The Polish October ( ), also known as the Polish thaw or Gomułka's thaw, also "small stabilization" () was a change in the politics of the Polish People's Republic that occurred in October 1956. Władysław Gomułka was appointed First Secretar ...

as vice president of the Economic Committee to the Council of Ministers (1957–1963) and

professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an Academy, academic rank at university, universities and other tertiary education, post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin ...

of Warsaw University (from 1958). In the 1970s he was a

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...

expert for

developing countries A developing country is a sovereign state with a less-developed Secondary sector of the economy, industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to developed countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. ...

(

Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...

Ghana Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t ...

and

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

). Chairman of the Consultant Economy Council from 1981–1987, member of the Counsultant Council to the Head of State from 1986–1990. He was the author of many academic publications in the realm of

economics Economics () is a behavioral science that studies the Production (economics), production, distribution (economics), distribution, and Consumption (economics), consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interac ...

Early life and education

Son of Adolf Korolko-Bobrowski and Jadwiga from Okło-Kułaków originally from the vicinity of

Mstsislaw Mstislaw or Mstislavl is a town in Mogilev Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Mstsislaw District. In 2009, its population was 10,804. As of 2024, it has a population of 10,019. History Mstislavl was first mentioned in the ...

Belarus Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an a ...

. As a volunteer (a senior shooter) he participated in the

Polish–Soviet War The Polish–Soviet War (14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, following World War I and the Russian Revolution. After the collapse ...

. Graduate of the gymnasium in Lublin (1921), the Faculty of Law of the

University of Warsaw The University of Warsaw (, ) is a public university, public research university in Warsaw, Poland. Established on November 19, 1816, it is the largest institution of higher learning in the country, offering 37 different fields of study as well ...

from 1925. In the years 1925–1926 he worked as legal consultant of the Consulate General in

Prague Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P ...

. Intern at the Paris School of Political Sciences (Ecole des Sciences Politiques) from 1927.

Pre war

In the period 1927–1929 he worked in the economic department of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the republic of Poland (Ministerstwo Przemysłu i Handlu II RP), performing, among others, the function of deputy commissioner of the Polish Trade Association with Russia "Polros". In the years 1931–1932 he was the director of the Soviet-Polish commercial company Sowpoltorg in

Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...

, then in the period 1935–1939 the director of the economic department at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the republic of Poland. In the 1930s he founded and became the editor-in-chief of the " Gospodarka Narodowa" magazine, gathering a group of young economists around him.

Second world war

After the aggression of the

Third Reich Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictat ...

and the aggression of the

USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

against

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

, together with the ministry's officials, he was evacuated to

Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...

on 17 September 1939. From there, through

Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...

and

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

, he went to

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

, where in 1940 he joined the

Polish Army The Land Forces () are the Army, land forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 110,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military histor ...

. After the defeat of France, he was interned in

Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...

. Then he escaped from the

internment Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without Criminal charge, charges or Indictment, intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects ...

camp to France, where he began to work first in the

Red Cross The organized International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a Humanitarianism, humanitarian movement with approximately 16million volunteering, volunteers, members, and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ...

, then in the Society for the Care of Poles in

. He helped refugees from Poland and was imprisoned in the camps. In 1943, avoiding arrest by the Gestapo, he left occupied France, through Spain and Portugal he reached

Gibraltar Gibraltar ( , ) is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory and British overseas cities, city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the A ...

from where he went to

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

. In London, in 1944, he found himself in a study group at the Minister of Treasury in the

Polish Government in exile The Polish government-in-exile, officially known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile (), was the government in exile A government-in-exile (GiE) is a political group that claims to be the legitimate government of a sovere ...

, Ludwik Grosfeld. The team developed a program for the reconstruction and development of

after war damage and model solutions for the Economy of Poland after the war.

Post war

After the establishment in June 1945 in the implementation of the

Yalta Conference The Yalta Conference (), held 4–11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe. The three sta ...

of the

Provisional Government of National Unity The Provisional Government of National Unity (, TRJN) was a puppet government formed by the decree of the State National Council (, KRN) on 28 June 1945 as a result of reshuffling the Soviet-backed Provisional Government of the Republic of Pola ...

and the withdrawal of international recognition on 6 July 1945 for the

, in August 1945 Czesław Bobrowski returned to Poland (similarly to Ludwik Grosfeld). He was co-opted to the

, and on 10 November 1945 was appointed president of the Central Planning Office. He held the function from 1945 to February 1948. In CUP, among others, three-year Economic Reconstruction Plan. In February 1948 removed from office under the pressure of the

Polish Workers' Party The Polish Workers' Party (, PPR) was a communist party in Poland from 1942 to 1948. It was founded as a reconstitution of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) and merged with the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) in 1948 to form the Polish United W ...

, Stalinizing the economic policy of the country. In the period from March to December 1948 he was a member of a parliament in Sweden in

Stockholm Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately ...

. Summoned to the country, for fear of arrest, he refused to come and went in December 1948 to emigrate to

. From 1952 to 1956 he was a research fellow at the Institute of Political Sciences and the National Center for Scientific Research in Paris (Center Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique).

Return to Poland

After October 1956, he returned to

, became a research worker at the

and vice-chairman of the Economic Council of the Council of Ministers (1957–1963). In 1958 he received the title of full professor at the

, from where he left after the events of March 1968. In the period 1967–1971 he was a lecturer at the University of Paris I - La Sorbonne. In the 1970s he was a UN expert advising in

Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to Iraq–Saudi Arabia border, the south, Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq border, the east, the Persian Gulf and ...

and

. Chairman of the Consultative Economic Council in 1981–1987. A member of the Consultative Council at the Chairman of the Council of State PRL

Wojciech Jaruzelski Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski ( ; ; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military general, politician and ''de facto'' leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1981 until 1989. He was the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party ...

in 1986–1990. Honorary President of the Polish Economic Society in 1986.

Later life

Member of the

(1945–1947) and Legislative Sejm (1947–1948). A member of the Polish Socialist Party (in 1946–1948) he was a member of the general council), then PZPR. In 1961, together with

Zygmunt Bauman Zygmunt Bauman (; ; 19 November 1925 – 9 January 2017) was a Polish–British sociologist and philosopher. He was driven out of the Polish People's Republic during the 1968 Polish political crisis and forced to give up his Polish citizenship. ...

, Jan Strzelecki and Jerzy Wiatr, he participated in a discussion devoted to the future of Polish society. Not as a sociologist, educator or psychologist, but as an economist, the greatest danger threatening in our social life, he saw in the gaps of social education, in the erroneous philosophical justifications of human attitudes: the sense of the absurdity of life and the feeling of lack of connection between his own actions and what it meets us, the philosophy of blind destiny is by no means fully overcome .. Author of a number of economic works published in Poland and abroad.

Publications

*Conditions and ways of economic development of the village (1936) *Social policy on the economic background (1944) *At the source of socialist planning (1956) *Socialist Yugoslavia (1957) *Models of the socialist economy (1957) *Economic planning. Basic problems (1965) *On mixed economy in Third World countries (1967) *Sources, problems and trends in the transformation of economic planning (1981) *Memories from the century (1985)

Medals

Decorated, among others Gold Cross of Merit with Swords, Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945, Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1946),M.P. z 1947 r. Nr 74, poz. 490
/ref> Commander's Cross with the Star of the Order of the White Lion (

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...

), Commander's Cross with the OOP Star and the Order of Polish People's Builders.

References

– {{DEFAULTSORT:Bobrowski, Czeslaw 1904 births 1996 deaths People from Sarny People from Volhynian Governorate Polish Socialist Party politicians Polish United Workers' Party members Members of the Polish Sejm 1947–1952 Ambassadors of Poland to Sweden 20th-century Polish economists Polish male non-fiction writers Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War Polish military personnel of World War II Recipients of the Order of the Builders of People's Poland Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta Recipients of the Order of the White Lion