''Cythara'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Mangeliidae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, P. (2011). Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Regis ...

. This name is considered a

nomen dubium In binomial nomenclature, a ''nomen dubium'' (Latin for "doubtful name", plural ''nomina dubia'') is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application. Zoology In case of a ''nomen dubium'' it may be impossible to determine whether a s ...

. Hedley (1922: 260) and Powell (1966: 109) summarized the arguments against using the earlier name ''Cythara'' Schumacher, 1817, with much uncertainty regarding the identity of its type species, against '' Eucythara'' Fischer, 1883. The name has also been used by European authors (e.g. Knudsen, 1952; Nordsieck, 1977) for species classified now in ''

Mangelia ''Mangelia'' is a large genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. The genus has been used for a long time as a wastebasket taxon. There have been many described species, many of which have become synonyms. Amon ...

'' Risso, 1826.

Description

The tropical shell is relatively large. It is columbelliform and longitudinally costellated. The

spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are ...

is short. The

aperture In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An opt ...

is narrow and elongated. The outer lip is denticulated within. The columellar lip is striated. The margin of the mantle is slightly dilated on the right side. The shell is fusiform, smooth and longitudinally plicated or rihbed. The

is linear, posteriorly subemarginate. The

siphonal canal The siphonal canal is an anatomical feature of the shells of certain groups of sea snails within the clade Neogastropoda. Some sea marine gastropods have a soft tubular anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon through which water is ...

is very short and nearly straight. The columella is subflexuous and transversely striated. The inner lip is posteriorly callous. The outer lip is margined, denticulate, or striated internally.Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls
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Species

Species within the genus ''Cythara'' include: * ''Cythara strigata'' Pease, 1863 (''

taxon inquirendum In biological classification, a ''species inquirenda'' is a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation. The use of the term in English-language biological literature dates back to at least the early nineteenth century. The term t ...

''): probably a synonym of '' Cythara paucicostata'' Pease, 1867 * † '' Cythara anthera'' J. Gardner, 1937 * † '' Cythara caimitica'' Maury 1917 * '' Cythara citharoedus'' (Holten, H.S., 1802) * '' Cythara coniformis'' (Gray, J.E. & G.B. Sowerby II, 1839) * '' Cythara diconus'' O. Böttger, 1895 * ''

Cythara glareosa ''Cythara glareosa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae. This species is considered a nomen dubium. Description The length of the shell attains 5 mm, its diameter 2 mm. Distribution This ...

'' Gould, A.A., 1860 * '' Cythara hanleyi'' (Dunker, R.W., 1888) * '' Cythara milia'' (Philippi, R.A., 1851) * '' Cythara oriza'' (Hinds, R.B., 1843) * '' Cythara paucicostata'' (Pease, W.H., 1867) * † '' Cythara polygona'' Gabb 1873 * '' Cythara striata'' Schumacher, 1817 (''

'') * '' Cythara thapsiae'' Oberling, 1970 (''nomen dubium'') * '' Cythara thetis'' Turton, W.H., 1932 * '' Cythara triticea'' Kiener, L.C., 1840

Species brought into synonymy

* ''Cythara abyssicola'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Eucithara vittata'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara adansoni'' Knudsen, 1952: synonym of ''

Mangelia adansoni ''Mangelia adansoni'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Mangelia adansoni (Knudsen, 1952). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

'' (Knudsen, 1952) * C''ythara africana'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903): synonym of '' Citharomangelia africana'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903) * ''Cythara alfredi'' (E. A. Smith, 1904): synonym of ''

Pseudorhaphitoma alfredi ''Pseudorhaphitoma alfredi'' is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.Rosenberg, G. (2012). Pseudorhaphitoma alfredi (E. A. Smith, 1904). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

'' (E. A. Smith, 1904) * ''Cythara altenai'' Brackman, 1938: synonym of ''

Mangelia costulata ''Mangelia costulata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae, the cone snails and their allies. Description The shell is longitudinally ribbed continuing to the base of the body whorl, crossed by spiral ...

'' Risso, 1826 * ''Cythara amplexa'' (Gould, 1860): synonym of ''

Guraleus amplexus ''Guraleus amplexus'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.Gofas, S. (2010). Guraleus amplexus. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.or ...

'' (Gould, 1860) * ''Cythara angiostoma'' Pease, 1868: synonym of '' Eucithara angiostoma'' (Pease, 1868) * ''Cythara angulata'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of ''

Leiocithara angulata ''Leiocithara angulata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mangeliidae.WoRMS (2009). Leiocithara angulata (Reeve, 1846). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...

'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara angulosa'' E.A. Smith, 1871: synonym of '' Anacithara angulosa'' (E.A. Smith, 1871) * ''Cythara articulata'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1894: synonym of '' Eucithara articulata'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1894) * ''Cythara atlantidea'' Knudsen, 1952: synonym of ''

Bela atlantidea ''Bela atlantidea'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.Bouchet, P. (2013). Bela atlantidea (Knudsen, 1952). In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.ma ...

'' (Knudsen, 1952) * ''Cythara attenuata'' (Montagu, 1803): synonym of '' Mangelia attenuata'' (Montagu, 1803) * † ''Cythara barbadoides'' Gardner, 1938: synonym of † '' Mangelia barbadoides'' J. Gardner, 1938 * ''Cythara bartlettii'' (Dall, 1889): synonym of '' Tenaturris bartlettii'' (Dall, 1889) * ''Cythara bicolor'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Eucithara bicolor'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara callosa'' Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Mangelia callosa'' (Nordsieck, 1977) * ''Cythara capillacea'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Eucithara capillacea'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara chionea'' Melvill, J.C. & R. Standen, 1899: synonym of '' Eucithara coronata'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara citharella'' (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of '' Cythara striata'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Cythara citharella'' Smith, 1876: synonym of ''

Eucithara lyra ''Eucithara lyra'' is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mangeliidae.WoRMS (2009). Eucithara lyra (Reeve, 1846). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ ...

'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara compacta'' Nordsieck, 1977 (''nomen dubium'', original combination): synonym of '' Rissomangelia compacta'' (Nordsieck, 1977) (''

'') * ''Cythara congoensis'' Thiele, J., 1925: synonym of '' Mangelia congoensis'' Thiele, 1925 * ''Cythara cylindrica'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Gingicithara cylindrica'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara cylindrica'' E.A. Smith, 1884: synonym of '' Gingicithara lyrica'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara dagama'' Barnard, 1963: synonym of '' Gymnobela dagama'' (Barnard, 1963) * ''Cythara dautzenbergi'' Knudsen, 1952: synonym of '' Gymnobela dautzenbergi'' (Knudsen, 1952) * ''Cythara debilis'' Pease, 1868: synonym of '' Eucithara debilis'' (Pease, 1868) * ''Cythara decussata'' Pease, 1868: synonym of '' Eucithara decussata'' (Pease, 1868) * ''Cythara derelicta'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of ''

Mangelia unifasciata ''Mangelia unifasciata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae. ''Mangelia unifasciata'' O.G. Costa, 1844 is a synonym of '' Mangelia vauquelini'' (B.C.M. Payraudeau, 1826) Description The length of t ...

'' (Deshayes, 1835) * ''Cythara dubiosa'' Nevill & Nevill, 1875: synonym of '' Eucithara dubiosa'' (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) * ''Cythara duplaris'' Melvill, 1923: synonym of '' Eucithara duplaris'' (Melvill, 1923) * ''Cythara edithae'' Melvill & Standen, 1901: synonym of '' Eucithara edithae'' (Melvill & Standen, 1901) * ''Cythara elegantissima'' Melvill & Standen, 1903: synonym of '' Paraclathurella gracilenta'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Cythara farina'' Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Mangelia farina'' (Nordsieck, 1977) * ''Cythara fasciata'' Reeve, L.A., 1846: synonym of '' Eucithara fasciata'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara glaucocreas'' Barnard, 1963: synonym of '' Gymnobela glaucocreas'' (Barnard, 1963) * ''Cythara gradata'' Nevill & Nevill, 1875: synonym of '' Eucithara gradata'' (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) * ''Cythara grisea'' Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Mangelia grisea'' (Nordsieck, 1977) * ''Cythara guentheri'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1893: synonym of '' Eucithara guentheri'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1893) * ''Cythara guestieri'' S.M. Souverbie in S.M. Souverbie & R.P. Montrouzier, 1872: synonym of ''

Eucithara novaehollandiae ''Eucithara novaehollandiae'', common name the thick-lipped mangelia, is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.WoRMS (2009). Eucithara novaehollandiae (Reeve, 1846). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: Wor ...

'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara ima'' Bartsch, 1915: synonym of '' Haedropleura ima'' (Bartsch, 1915) * ''Cythara interstriata'' Smith E. A., 1876: synonym of '' Eucithara interstriata'' (Smith E. A., 1876) * ''Cythara isseli'' Nevill & Nevill, 1875: synonym of '' Eucithara isseli'' (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) * ''Cythara kingensis'' (Petterd, 1879): synonym of Antiguraleus kingensis (Petterd, 1879) * ''Cythara lota'' Gould, 1860: synonym of '' Eucithara lota'' (Gould, 1860) * ''Cythara lyrica'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Gingicithara lyrica'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara maccoyi'' Petterd, 1879: synonym of '' Guraleus tasmanicus'' (Tenison-Woods, 1876) * ''Cythara metadata'' Brazier, 1876: synonym of '' Eucithara alacris'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Cythara merlini'' (Dautzenberg, 1910): synonym of '' Agathotoma merlini'' (Dautzenberg, 1910) * ''Cythara metria'' Dall, 1903: synonym of '' Vitricythara metria'' (Dall, 1903) * ''Cythara nevilliana'' Preston, 1904: synonym of '' Eucithara nevilliana'' (Preston, 1904) * ''Cythara optabilis'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1907: synonym of '' Eucithara coronata'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara ossea'' Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of ''

Mangelia ossea ''Mangelia ossea'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae. Description Distribution This marine species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea off Cagliari Cagliari (, also , , ; sc, Casteddu ; lat, Ca ...

'' (Nordsieck, 1968) * ''Cythara paciniana'': synonym of '' Mangelia paciniana'' (Calcara, 1839) * ''Cythara pallaryi'' Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of ''Mangiliella pallaryi'' (Nordsieck, 1977): synonym of '' Mangelia pallaryi'' (Nordsieck, 1977) * ''Cythara pellucida'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of ''

Citharomangelia pellucida ''Citharomangelia pellucida'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.Gofas, S. (2015). Citharomangelia pellucida (Reeve, 1846). In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara pessulata'' Brazier, 1876: synonym of '' Eucithara celebensis'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara psalterium'' J.C. Melvill & R. Standen, 1896: synonym of '' Eucithara coronata'' (R.B. Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara pusilla'' Pease, 1860: synonym of '' Eucithara pusilla'' (Pease, 1860) * ''Cythara quadrilineata'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1913: synonym of '' Citharomangelia quadrilineata'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1913) * ''Cythara ringens'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1893: synonym of '' Eucithara ringens'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1893) * ''Cythara stosiciana'' (Brusina, 1869): synonym of '' Mangelia stosiciana'' Brusina, 1869 * ''Cythara striatissima'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1907: synonym of '' Eucithara striatissima'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1907) * ''Cythara tasmanica'' Tenison-Woods, 1876: synonym of '' Guraleus tasmaniusa'' (Tenison-Woods, 1876) * ''Cythara typhonota'' Melvill & Standen, 1901: synonym of '' Eucithara typhonota'' (Melvill & Standen, 1901) * ''Cythara unilineata'' Smith E. A., 1876: synonym of '' Eucithara unilineata'' (Smith E. A., 1876) * ''Cythara varia'' Pease, 1860: synonym of '' Seminella peasei'' (Martens & Langkavel, 1871) * ''Cythara varicosa'' Nordsieck, 1973: synonym of '' Mangiliella varicosa'' (Nordsieck, 1973) * ''Cythara vittata'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Eucithara abyssicola'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara waterhousei'' E. A. Smith, 1884: synonym of '' Eucithara coronata'' (Hinds, 1843)

References

External links

Tucker, J.K. 2004 ''Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)''. Zootaxa 682:1-1295.

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5201302 Gastropod genera