''Cythara'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Mangeliidae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, P. (2011). Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Regis ...

. This name is considered a

nomen dubium In binomial nomenclature, a ''nomen dubium'' (Latin for "doubtful name", plural ''nomina dubia'') is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application. Zoology In case of a ''nomen dubium,'' it may be impossible to determine whether a ...

. Hedley (1922: 260) and Powell (1966: 109) summarized the arguments against using the earlier name ''Cythara'' Schumacher, 1817, with much uncertainty regarding the identity of its type species, against '' Eucythara'' Fischer, 1883. The name has also been used by European authors (e.g. Knudsen, 1952; Nordsieck, 1977) for species classified now in ''

Mangelia ''Mangelia'' is a large genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. The genus has been used for a long time as a wastebasket taxon. There have been many described species, many of w ...

'' Risso, 1826.

Description

The tropical shell is relatively large. It is columbelliform and longitudinally costellated. The

spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...

is short. The

aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...

is narrow and elongated. The outer

lip The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Mammal lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. sucklin ...

is denticulated within. The columellar lip is striated. The margin of the mantle is slightly dilated on the right side. The shell is fusiform, smooth and longitudinally plicated or rihbed. The

is linear, posteriorly subemarginate. The

siphonal canal The siphonal canal is an anatomical feature of the shells of certain groups of sea snails within the clade Neogastropoda. Some sea marine gastropods have a soft tubular anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon through which water i ...

is very short and nearly straight. The

columella Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (, Arabic: ) was a prominent Roman writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire. His in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture and ancient Roman cuisin ...

is subflexuous and transversely striated. The inner

is posteriorly callous. The outer lip is margined, denticulate, or striated internally.Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls

Species

Species within the genus ''Cythara'' include: * ''Cythara strigata'' Pease, 1863 (''

taxon inquirendum In biological classification, a ''species inquirenda'' is a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation. The use of the term in English-language biological literature dates back to at least the early nineteenth century. The ter ...

''): probably a synonym of '' Cythara paucicostata'' Pease, 1867 * † '' Cythara anthera'' J. Gardner, 1937 * † '' Cythara caimitica'' Maury 1917 * '' Cythara citharoedus'' (Holten, H.S., 1802) * '' Cythara coniformis'' (Gray, J.E. & G.B. Sowerby II, 1839) * '' Cythara diconus'' O. Böttger, 1895 * '' Cythara glareosa'' Gould, A.A., 1860 * '' Cythara hanleyi'' (Dunker, R.W., 1888) * '' Cythara milia'' (Philippi, R.A., 1851) * '' Cythara oriza'' (Hinds, R.B., 1843) * '' Cythara paucicostata'' (Pease, W.H., 1867) * † '' Cythara polygona'' Gabb 1873 * '' Cythara striata'' Schumacher, 1817 (''

'') * '' Cythara thapsiae'' Oberling, 1970 (''nomen dubium'') * '' Cythara thetis'' Turton, W.H., 1932 * '' Cythara triticea'' Kiener, L.C., 1840

Species brought into synonymy

* ''Cythara abyssicola'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of ''

Eucithara vittata ''Eucithara vittata'' is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.WoRMS (2009). Eucithara vittata. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.p ...

'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara adansoni'' Knudsen, 1952: synonym of '' Mangelia adansoni'' (Knudsen, 1952) * C''ythara africana'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903): synonym of '' Citharomangelia africana'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903) * ''Cythara alfredi'' (E. A. Smith, 1904): synonym of '' Pseudorhaphitoma alfredi'' (E. A. Smith, 1904) * ''Cythara altenai'' Brackman, 1938: synonym of '' Mangelia costulata'' Risso, 1826 * ''Cythara amplexa'' (Gould, 1860): synonym of '' Guraleus amplexus'' (Gould, 1860) * ''Cythara angiostoma'' Pease, 1868: synonym of ''

Eucithara angiostoma ''Eucithara angiostoma'' is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.WoRMS (2009). Eucithara angiostoma (Pease, 1868). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marin ...

'' (Pease, 1868) * ''Cythara angulata'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of ''

Leiocithara angulata ''Leiocithara angulata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mangeliidae.WoRMS (2009). Leiocithara angulata (Reeve, 1846). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...

'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara angulosa'' E.A. Smith, 1871: synonym of '' Anacithara angulosa'' (E.A. Smith, 1871) * ''Cythara articulata'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1894: synonym of '' Eucithara articulata'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1894) * ''Cythara atlantidea'' Knudsen, 1952: synonym of '' Bela atlantidea'' (Knudsen, 1952) * ''Cythara attenuata'' (Montagu, 1803): synonym of '' Mangelia attenuata'' (Montagu, 1803) * † ''Cythara barbadoides'' Gardner, 1938: synonym of † '' Mangelia barbadoides'' J. Gardner, 1938 * ''Cythara bartlettii'' (Dall, 1889): synonym of '' Tenaturris bartlettii'' (Dall, 1889) * ''Cythara bicolor'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of ''

Eucithara bicolor ''Eucithara bicolor'' is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.WoRMS (2009). Eucithara bicolor (Reeve, 1846). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespeci ...

'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara callosa'' Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Mangelia callosa'' (Nordsieck, 1977) * ''Cythara capillacea'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Eucithara capillacea'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara chionea'' Melvill, J.C. & R. Standen, 1899: synonym of '' Eucithara coronata'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara citharella'' (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of '' Cythara striata'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Cythara citharella'' Smith, 1876: synonym of '' Eucithara lyra'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara compacta'' Nordsieck, 1977 (''nomen dubium'', original combination): synonym of '' Rissomangelia compacta'' (Nordsieck, 1977) (''

'') * ''Cythara congoensis'' Thiele, J., 1925: synonym of '' Mangelia congoensis'' Thiele, 1925 * ''Cythara cylindrica'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Gingicithara cylindrica'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara cylindrica'' E.A. Smith, 1884: synonym of '' Gingicithara lyrica'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara dagama'' Barnard, 1963: synonym of '' Gymnobela dagama'' (Barnard, 1963) * ''Cythara dautzenbergi'' Knudsen, 1952: synonym of '' Gymnobela dautzenbergi'' (Knudsen, 1952) * ''Cythara debilis'' Pease, 1868: synonym of '' Eucithara debilis'' (Pease, 1868) * ''Cythara decussata'' Pease, 1868: synonym of '' Eucithara decussata'' (Pease, 1868) * ''Cythara derelicta'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Mangelia unifasciata'' (Deshayes, 1835) * ''Cythara dubiosa'' Nevill & Nevill, 1875: synonym of '' Eucithara dubiosa'' (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) * ''Cythara duplaris'' Melvill, 1923: synonym of '' Eucithara duplaris'' (Melvill, 1923) * ''Cythara edithae'' Melvill & Standen, 1901: synonym of '' Eucithara edithae'' (Melvill & Standen, 1901) * ''Cythara elegantissima'' Melvill & Standen, 1903: synonym of '' Paraclathurella gracilenta'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Cythara farina'' Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Mangelia farina'' (Nordsieck, 1977) * ''Cythara fasciata'' Reeve, L.A., 1846: synonym of '' Eucithara fasciata'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara glaucocreas'' Barnard, 1963: synonym of '' Gymnobela glaucocreas'' (Barnard, 1963) * ''Cythara gradata'' Nevill & Nevill, 1875: synonym of '' Eucithara gradata'' (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) * ''Cythara grisea'' Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Mangelia grisea'' (Nordsieck, 1977) * ''Cythara guentheri'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1893: synonym of '' Eucithara guentheri'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1893) * ''Cythara guestieri'' S.M. Souverbie in S.M. Souverbie & R.P. Montrouzier, 1872: synonym of '' Eucithara novaehollandiae'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara ima'' Bartsch, 1915: synonym of '' Haedropleura ima'' (Bartsch, 1915) * ''Cythara interstriata'' Smith E. A., 1876: synonym of '' Eucithara interstriata'' (Smith E. A., 1876) * ''Cythara isseli'' Nevill & Nevill, 1875: synonym of '' Eucithara isseli'' (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) * ''Cythara kingensis'' (Petterd, 1879): synonym of Antiguraleus kingensis (Petterd, 1879) * ''Cythara lota'' Gould, 1860: synonym of '' Eucithara lota'' (Gould, 1860) * ''Cythara lyrica'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Gingicithara lyrica'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara maccoyi'' Petterd, 1879: synonym of '' Guraleus tasmanicus'' (Tenison-Woods, 1876) * ''Cythara metadata'' Brazier, 1876: synonym of ''

Eucithara alacris ''Eucithara alacris'' is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.WoRMS (2009). Eucithara alacris Hedley, 1922. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecie ...

'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Cythara merlini'' (Dautzenberg, 1910): synonym of '' Agathotoma merlini'' (Dautzenberg, 1910) * ''Cythara metria'' Dall, 1903: synonym of '' Vitricythara metria'' (Dall, 1903) * ''Cythara nevilliana'' Preston, 1904: synonym of '' Eucithara nevilliana'' (Preston, 1904) * ''Cythara optabilis'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1907: synonym of '' Eucithara coronata'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara ossea'' Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of '' Mangelia ossea'' (Nordsieck, 1968) * ''Cythara paciniana'': synonym of '' Mangelia paciniana'' (Calcara, 1839) * ''Cythara pallaryi'' Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of ''Mangiliella pallaryi'' (Nordsieck, 1977): synonym of '' Mangelia pallaryi'' (Nordsieck, 1977) * ''Cythara pellucida'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Citharomangelia pellucida'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara pessulata'' Brazier, 1876: synonym of '' Eucithara celebensis'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara psalterium'' J.C. Melvill & R. Standen, 1896: synonym of '' Eucithara coronata'' (R.B. Hinds, 1843) * ''Cythara pusilla'' Pease, 1860: synonym of '' Eucithara pusilla'' (Pease, 1860) * ''Cythara quadrilineata'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1913: synonym of '' Citharomangelia quadrilineata'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1913) * ''Cythara ringens'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1893: synonym of '' Eucithara ringens'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1893) * ''Cythara stosiciana'' (Brusina, 1869): synonym of '' Mangelia stosiciana'' Brusina, 1869 * ''Cythara striatissima'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1907: synonym of '' Eucithara striatissima'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1907) * ''Cythara tasmanica'' Tenison-Woods, 1876: synonym of '' Guraleus tasmanicus'' (Tenison-Woods, 1876) * ''Cythara typhonota'' Melvill & Standen, 1901: synonym of '' Eucithara typhonota'' (Melvill & Standen, 1901) * ''Cythara unilineata'' Smith E. A., 1876: synonym of '' Eucithara unilineata'' (Smith E. A., 1876) * ''Cythara varia'' Pease, 1860: synonym of '' Seminella peasei'' (Martens & Langkavel, 1871) * ''Cythara varicosa'' Nordsieck, 1973: synonym of '' Mangiliella varicosa'' (Nordsieck, 1973) * ''Cythara vittata'' (Reeve, 1846): synonym of '' Eucithara abyssicola'' (Reeve, 1846) * ''Cythara waterhousei'' E. A. Smith, 1884: synonym of '' Eucithara coronata'' (Hinds, 1843)

References

External links

Tucker, J.K. 2004 ''Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)''. Zootaxa 682:1-1295.

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5201302 Gastropod genera