Cystiscus is a
taxonomic
280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy
Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme of classes (a taxonomy) and the allocation ...
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of minute
sea snail
Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...
s,
marine gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...
s or
micromollusk
A micromollusc is a shelled mollusc which is extremely small, even at full adult size. The word is usually, but not exclusively, applied to marine molluscs, although in addition, numerous species of land snails and freshwater molluscs also ...
s.
This genus was placed in the family
Cystiscidae
Cystiscidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks.
Description
The shell is minute to large, either white, uniformly colored, or patterned; the surface is smooth, sculptured, or axially costat ...
by Coovert and Coovert, 1995. Previously the genus was in the family
Marginellidae
Marginellidae, or the margin shells, are a taxonomic family of small, often colorful, sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Neogastropoda.
Taxonomy
The higher classification of the family Marginellidae has long been in a state o ...
, where it is still placed by many other malacologists.
Diagnosis
Shell
Shell may refer to:
Architecture and design
* Shell (structure), a thin structure
** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses
Science Biology
* Seashell, a hard outer layer of a marine ani ...
minute to small, white, hyaline;
spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...
immersed to low; lip thickened, smooth or weakly denticulate; external
varix
A varix (: varices) is an abnormally dilated blood vessel with a tortuous course. Varices usually occur in the venous system, but may also occur in arterial or lymphatic vessels.
Examples of varices include:
* Varicose veins, large tortuous veins ...
absent; siphonal notch absent; posterior notch absent; lacking collabral parietal callus ridge; columella multiplicate, with combined usually 2 to 8 plications plus parietal lirae, first plication usually strong and raised.
Mantle smooth, at least partially extending over external shell surface.
Shell description
Shell minute to small (adult length ). Color white, hyaline; surface smooth, glossy. Shape usually elliptic, obovate, or subtriangular; weakly shouldered. Spire completely immersed to low. Aperture narrow to broad, usually wider anteriorly. Lip slightly to distinctly thickened, flared posteriorly in some species, smooth on inside edge to weakly denticulate, lacking lirae, external varix absent. Shell lacking a siphonal notch and posterior notch. Shell with weak parietal callus wash or weak parietal callus deposits in some species, but lacking collabral parietal callus ridge. Columella multiplicate, with combined total 2 to 8 plications plus parietal lirae, rarely to 17 in which the posteriormost are denticles; one species with only 1 plication. Plications usually occupying less than half the length of the aperture, but most of the aperture in some. Plications excavated just inside aperture in a few species, usually evenly rounded, first plication usually raised and very strong. Shell with cystiscid internal whorls.
Animal anatomy
Internal: Unknown
External: Animal with eyes at side of head, usually on lateral swelling; mantle smooth, at least partially extending onto external shell surface, in some species nearly covering shell; foot relatively narrow, about as wide as shell length; head and mantle usually uniformly colored, often bright red, orange, or yellow, or brown, or black, internal mantle color pattern often showing through translucent shell.
Radula
The radula (; : radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters ...
: Uniserial, ribbon long, narrow, composed of 80-209 plates. Rachidian plates overlapping, narrow, moderately to strong arched, with 6-14 sharp cusps on posterior edge, the central cusp usually the strongest. The anterior edge of the rachidian plate is strongly concave, resulting in U- or V-shaped plates.
Habitat
Intertidal to .
Fossil record
Eocene
The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...
of
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
and
Alabama
Alabama ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South, Deep Southern regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gu ...
, upper
Oligogene
Oligogenic inheritance (Greek ὀλίγος – ''ὀligos'' = few, a little) describes a trait that is influenced by a few genes. Oligogenic inheritance represents an intermediate between monogenic inheritance in which a trait is determined by a ...
and
Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...
of Western
Atlantic
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for se ...
, to Recent.
Remarks
The two halves of the head are capable of closing together at will, thus appearing unsplit. The long siphon usually distinguishes this group from ''Gibberula''. The shell of ''Persicula'' is usually patterned, often has a distinct external varix, and the spire is usually immersed. These conchological features serve to separate the two groups.
Species
''Cystiscus'' contains the following accepted species:
*''
Cystiscus angasi
''Cystiscus angasi'' is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.
Description
The size of the shell attains 1.8 mm.
Distribution
This marine species was found off Port Jackson
...
''
( Crosse, 1870)
*''
Cystiscus aphanacme
''Cystiscus aphanacme'' is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae
Cystiscidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks.
Descript ...
''
( Tomlin, 1918)
*''
Cystiscus aurantius
''Cystiscus aurantius'' is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.
Description
Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Caledonia
New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group o ...
''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus beqae
''Cystiscus beqae'' is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae
Cystiscidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks.
Description ...
''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2006
*''
Cystiscus boucheti
''Cystiscus boucheti'' is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.
Description
Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Caledonia
New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of ...
''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus bougei''
(Bavay
Bavay () is a commune in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. The town was the seat of the former canton of Bavay.
Geography
Bavay is located some 20 km east by south-east of Valenciennes and 10 k ...
, 1917)
*''
Cystiscus bucca''
( Tomlin, 1916)
*''
Cystiscus caeruleus''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus camelopardalis''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus carinifer''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2005
*''
Cystiscus connectans''
(May, 1911)
*''
Cystiscus cooverti''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus cratericula''
(Tate & May, 1900)
*''
Cystiscus cymbalum''
(Tate, 1878)
*''
Cystiscus cystiscus''
(Redfield, 1870)
*''
Cystiscus deeae''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2006
*''
Cystiscus deltoides''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus flindersi''
(Pritchard & Gatliff, 1899)
*''
Cystiscus freycineti''
(May, 1915)
*''
Cystiscus garretti''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2006
*''
Cystiscus gorii''
Boyer, 2018
*''
Cystiscus goubini''
(Bavay
Bavay () is a commune in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. The town was the seat of the former canton of Bavay.
Geography
Bavay is located some 20 km east by south-east of Valenciennes and 10 k ...
, 1922)
*''
Cystiscus halli''
(Pritchard & Gatliff, 1899)
*''
Cystiscus havannensis''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2006
*''
Cystiscus hernandezi''
Boyer, 2018
*''
Cystiscus incertus''
(May, 1920)
*''
Cystiscus indiscretus''
(May, 1911)
*''
Cystiscus iota''
(Hedley, 1899)
*''
Cystiscus jucundus''
(W. Turton, 1932)
*''
Cystiscus mainardii''
Cossignani, 2009
*''
Cystiscus maloloensis''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2006
*''
Cystiscus manceli''
(Jousseaume, 1875)
*''
Cystiscus marshalli''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus maskelynensis''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2006
*''
Cystiscus matoensis''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2006
*''
Cystiscus melwardi''
(Laseron, 1957)
*''
Cystiscus microgonia''
(Dall, 1927)
*''
Cystiscus minor''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus minusculus''
Lussi & G. Smith, 1998
*''
Cystiscus minutissimus''
(Tenison Woods, 1876)
*''
Cystiscus montrouzieri''
(Bavay
Bavay () is a commune in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. The town was the seat of the former canton of Bavay.
Geography
Bavay is located some 20 km east by south-east of Valenciennes and 10 k ...
, 1922)
*''
Cystiscus mosaica''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2005
*''
Cystiscus nebulosa''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2005
*''
Cystiscus obesulus''
(May, 1920)
*''
Cystiscus pardus
''Cystiscus pardus'' is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk from the family Cystiscidae.
Description
The shell of ''C. pardus'' is translucent, and white. The shells have been observed to grow up to 1.5 ...
''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus peelae''
Lussi & G. Smith, 1998
*''
Cystiscus politus''
(Carpenter, 1857)
*''
Cystiscus problematicus''
(Gatliff & Gabriel, 1916)
*''
Cystiscus pseudoaurantius''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus pseustes''
(E. A. Smith, 1904)
*''
Cystiscus punctatus''
Boyer, 2003
*''
Cystiscus pusillus''
Wakefield & McCleery, 2006
*''
Cystiscus rendai''
Boyer, 2018
* ''
Cystiscus robini''
Boyer, 2018
* † ''
Cystiscus rotunda
Cystiscus is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic genus of minute sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks.
This genus was placed in the family Cystiscidae by Coovert and Coovert, 1995. Previously the genus was in the fa ...
''
(May, 1922) May, W.L. (1922) New species of fossil shells from Table Cape. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 1921, 9–12, pl. 4.
/ref>
*'' Cystiscus sandwicensis'' (Pease, 1860)
*'' Cystiscus subauriculatus'' (May, 1915)Cystiscus yasawaensis
''Cystiscus yasawaensis'' is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family (biology), family Cystiscidae.
Description
The shell can grow to be 2.2 mm in length.
Distribution
''Cystiscus yasaw ...
'' Wakefield & McCleery, 2006
References
* 2005. Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families. Malacologia 47(1-2):1-397.
* Laseron, C. F. (1957). A new classification of the Australian Marginellidae (Mollusca), with a review of species from the Solanderian and Dampierian zoogeographical provinces. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 8(3): 274-311
External links
Stimpson W. 1865. On certain genera and families of zoophagous gasteropods. American Journal of Conchology, 1: 55-64, pl. 8-9
Coovert G.A. & Coovert H.K. (1995) Revision of the supraspecific classification of marginelliform gastropods. The Nautilus 109(2-3): 43-110
{{Taxonbar, from=Q5201224
Taxa named by William Stimpson
Cystiscidae