There are several conventions for
phonetic transcription
Phonetic transcription (also known as Phonetic script or Phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or ''phonetics'') by means of symbols. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the ...
using the
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic languages, Slavic, Turkic languages, Turkic, Mongolic languages, Mongolic, Uralic languages, Uralic, C ...
, typically augmented with Latin and Greek to fill in missing sounds. The details vary by author, and depend on which letters are available for the language of the text. For instance, in a work written in
Ukrainian, may be used for (the voiced equivalent of ), whereas in Russian texts, is used for . This article follows common Russian usage.
Authors differ, for example, in whether they transcribe the voiced fricatives with the South Slavic letters and , with the ligatures and (which are common in monolingual dictionaries), or as simple digraphs and . Latin ''w, l, k'' and ''h'' are commonly used for IPA , though ''q'' is also used with its IPA value instead of ''k''. Greek ''φ'' and ''γ'' are commonly used for IPA .
Symbols
Parentheses mark alternative symbols.
(or е̌) may be used for
͡еand (or о̌) for
͡о
here is a hack: the top line should connect the two parts of the letter together.
;Common diacritics
:
ꚝor
ʼpalatalized
:
·not palatalized
:
°labialized
:
̣retroflex
:
̪laminal
:
̯apical (same as non-syllabic)
:
̇alveolarized?
:
̇pharyngealized
:
́stress
:
꞉or
̄long
:
short
:
͡жor
͡уaffricate or diphthong
:
͕unreleased plosive ('implosive')
:
̭voiceless
:
̬voiced
:
̃nasalized
:
̥syllabic
:
̯non-syllabic (same as apical)
:
̜or
̨open
:
̹(or reversed
ogonek
The tail or ( ; Polish: , "little tail", diminutive of ) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European languages, and directly under a vowel in several Native American langu ...
) close
:
꭪fronted (diacritic often placed over the letter)
:
꭫backed (diacritic often placed over the letter)
:
advanced/fronted and raised
:
·fronted off-glide
:
аfronted on-glide or following a non-palatalized consonant
:
ᵊdiphthongal off-glide or centralized
[Some authors use a combining diacritic vowel (e.g. ) to indicate a shade of sound (a pure vowel located between the places of the two vowel letters) and a superscript vowel to indicate a vocalic transition. Others use a superscript for the former, and a tie-bar (e.g. ) for the latter.]
References
{{reflist
Phonetic alphabets
Cyrillic script