Taxonomy
''Cynoscion'' was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1861 by the American biologist Theodore Gill with ''Johnnius regalis'', a species originally Species description, described in 1801 from New York (state), New York by Marcis Elieser Bloch and Johann G. T. Schneider, designated as its type species. This genus has been placed in the subfamily Cynoscioninae by some workers, but the 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World'' does not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the Order (biology), order Acanthuriformes.Etymology
''Cynoscion'' is a combination of ''cyno'', meaning "dog", a reference to the pair of canine-like teeth in the upper jaw, with ''scion'', the modern Greek language, Greek name of ''Umbrina cirrosa'', which Gill preferred over ''sciaena'' because he did not like the sound of ''Cynosciaena''. The common name, weakfish, is a reference to the easily torn membrane in the mouth of ''C. regalis''.Species
The genus consists of 25 species: * ''Cynoscion acoupa'' (Bernard Germain de Lacépède, Lacépède, 1801) (Acoupa weakfish) * ''Cynoscion albus'' (Günther, 1864) (Whitefin weakfish) * ''Cynoscion analis'' (Leonard Jenyns, Jenyns, 1842) (Peruvian weakfish) * ''Cynoscion arenarius'' (Isaac Ginsburg, Ginsburg, 1930) (Sand seatrout) * ''Cynoscion guatucupa'' (Cuvier, 1830) (Stripped weakfish) * ''Cynoscion jamaicensis'' (Louis Vaillant, Vaillant and Marie Firmin Bocourt, Bocourt, 1883) (Jamaica weakfish) * ''Cynoscion leiarchus'' (Georges Cuvier, Cuvier, 1830) (Smooth weakfish) * ''Cynoscion microlepidotus'' (Cuvier, 1830) (Smallscale weakfish) * ''Cynoscion nannus'' (José Luis Castro Aguirre, Castro-Aguirre & Joaquin Arvizu-Martinez, Arvizu-Martinez, 1976) (Dwarf weakfish) * ''Cynoscion nebulosus'' (Cuvier, 1830) (Spotted seatrout) * ''Cynoscion nortoni'' (Philippe Béarez, Béarez, 2001) (Hake weakfish) * ''Cynoscion nothus'' (John Edwards Holbrook, Holbrook, 1848) (Silver seatrout) * ''Cynoscion othonopterus'' (Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert, Gilbert, 1882) (Gulf weakfish) * ''Cynoscion parvipinnis'' (William Orville Ayres, Ayres, 1861) (Shortfin corvina) * ''Cynoscion phoxocephalus'' (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) (Cachema weakfish) * ''Cynoscion praedatorius'' (Jordan and Gilbert, 1889) (Boccone weakfish) * ''Cynoscion regalis'' (Marcus Elieser Bloch, Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider, Schneider, 1801)(Squeteague) * ''Cynoscion reticulatus'' (Günther, 1864) * ''Cynoscion similis'' (John Ernest Randall, Randall and Fernando Cervigón, Cervigón, 1968) (Tonkin weakfish) * ''Cynoscion squamipinnis'' (Günther, 1867) (Scalyfin corvina) * ''Cynoscion steindachneri'' (Jordan, 1889) (Smalltooth weakfish) * ''Cynoscion stolzmanni'' (Franz Steindachner, Steindachner, 1879) (Yellowtail corvina) * ''Cynoscion striatus'' (Cuvier, 1829) (Striped weakfish) * ''Cynoscion virescens'' (Cuvier, 1830) (Green weakfish) * ''Cynoscion xanthulus'' Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 (Orangemouth weakfish) ''FishBase'' treats ''C. striatus'' as a valid species but the ''Catalog of Fishes'' states that this is a ''nomen oblitum'' and is in the Synonym (taxonomy), synonymy of ''C. guatucupa''.Characteristics
''Cynoscion'' weakfishes have an elongate, torpedo-shaped body which is compressed to give it an oval cross-section. The head is low, with the crown being firm to the touch rather than spongy with moderately sized eyes and a large oblique mouth. There is a pair of large, pointed canine-like teeth in the front of the upper jaw. There are no Barbel (anatomy), barbels or pores on the chin. The preoperculum is smooth and not serrated and the top corner of gill slit is incised. The dorsal fin is long based and is deeply incised with between seven and nine thin spines and between 20 and 30 soft rays. The anal fin is supported by two small spines, less than half the length of the first anal fin ray, and 7 to 13 soft rays. They have large scales, ctenoid on the body and cycloid on the head. The lateral line reaches to the middle of the end of the caudal fin. The largest species in the genus are ''C. albus'' which has a maximum published total length of and ''C. xanthulus'' at while the smallest is ''C. nannus'' reaching .Distribution
''Cynoscion'' weakfishes are found off the Americas in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans being found in tropical and warm temperate waters.References
{{Authority control Cynoscion, Taxa named by Theodore Gill