tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confl ...
of flowering plants in the daisy family (
Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...
) and the subfamily Carduoideae. Most of them are commonly known as
thistle
Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles can also occur all over the planton the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves ...
s; four of the best known genera are '' Carduus'', ''
Cynara
''Cynara'' is a genus of thistle-like perennial plants in the family Asteraceae. They are native to the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, northwestern Africa, and the Canary Islands. The genus name comes from the Greek ''kynara'', which mea ...
'' (containing the widely eaten
artichoke
The globe artichoke ('' Cynara cardunculus'' var. ''scolymus'' ),Rottenberg, A., and D. Zohary, 1996: "The wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke." Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 43, 53–58. also known by the names French artichoke and green artich ...
), ''
Cirsium
''Cirsium'' is a genus of perennial and biennial flowering plants in the Asteraceae, one of several genera known commonly as thistles. They are more precisely known as plume thistles. These differ from other thistle genera ('' Carduus'', ''Sily ...
annual
Annual may refer to:
* Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year
**Yearbook
**Literary annual
* Annual plant
*Annual report
*Annual giving
*Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco
*Annuals (band), ...
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
herb
In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicina ...
resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. Resins are usually mixtures of organic compounds. This article focuses on n ...
conduits. Almost 80 genera comprising 2500 species are assigned to this tribe, native of temperate regions of Europe and Asia (especially the Mediterranean region and Minor Asia), Australia and tropical Africa; only three genera contain species native to the Americas.Bremer 1994 ''
Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...
Cardueae is a synonym for Cynareae, but the name Cynareae was published almost a decade earlier, so has precedence.
Some authors have divided the plants traditionally held to be in this tribe into three tribes: Cynareae in the narrow sense, Carlineae, and Echinopeae. However, other authors have retained the traditional broader classification.
Arctium
''Arctium'' is a genus of biennial plants commonly known as burdock, family Asteraceae. Native to Europe and Asia, several species have been widely introduced worldwide. Burdock's clinging properties, in addition to providing an excellent mecha ...
''
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Cousinia
The genus ''Cousinia'' of the tribe Cardueae is in its current circumscription one of the larger genera in the Asteraceae, with approximately 650-700 species distributed in central and western Asia.
Many of the species in this genus were once cl ...
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*
Berardiinae
Beaked whales (systematic name Ziphiidae) are a family of cetaceans noted as being one of the least known groups of mammals because of their deep-sea habitat and apparent low abundance. Only three or four of the 24 species are reasonably well-kn ...
Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
**''
Berardia
''Berardia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing the single species ''Berardia subacaulis''. It is an alpine plant native to the Alps
The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alp ...
Cousiniopsis
''Cousiniopsis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly r ...
× Carduogalactites
The multiplication sign, also known as the times sign or the dimension sign, is the symbol , used in mathematics to denote the multiplication operation and its resulting product. While similar to a lowercase X (), the form is properly a four ...
''
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× Cirsio-carduus
The multiplication sign, also known as the times sign or the dimension sign, is the symbol , used in mathematics to denote the multiplication operation and its resulting product. While similar to a lowercase X (), the form is properly a four ...
Cirsium
''Cirsium'' is a genus of perennial and biennial flowering plants in the Asteraceae, one of several genera known commonly as thistles. They are more precisely known as plume thistles. These differ from other thistle genera ('' Carduus'', ''Sily ...
''
**''
Cynara
''Cynara'' is a genus of thistle-like perennial plants in the family Asteraceae. They are native to the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, northwestern Africa, and the Canary Islands. The genus name comes from the Greek ''kynara'', which mea ...
''
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Galactites
''Galactites'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The name is derived from the Greek γάλα (= "milk"). The best known species is '' Galactites tomentosus''.Lamyropsis
''Lamyropsis'' is a genus of Asia and European flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
; Species
* '' Lamyropsis charadzeae'' Kimer. - Republic of Georgia
* '' Lamyropsis cynaroides'' (Lam.) Dittrich - Greece, Turkey
* '' Lamyropsis macracant ...
Picnomon
''Picnomon'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
Species
The only known species is ''Picnomon acarna'', native to Europe, Asia, and Africa from Portugal and the Canary Islands to Kazakhstan
Ka ...
''
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Ptilostemon
''Ptilostemon'' is a genus of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
; Species
References
External links
*
Cynareae
Asteraceae genera
{{Cynareae-stub ...
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Silybum
''Silybum'' (milk thistle) is a genus of two species of thistles in the family Asteraceae. The plants are native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. One species has been introduced elsewhere, including in N ...
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Tyrimnus
''Tyrimnus'' is a genus of Mediterranean plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
The only known species is ''Tyrimnus leucographus'', native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East
...
Thevenotia
''Thevenotia'' is a genus of Asian plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
; Species
* '' Thevenotia persica'' DC. - Afghanistan, Iran
* '' Thevenotia scabra'' (Boiss.) Boiss. - Afghanistan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakh ...
''
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Tugarinovia
''Tugarinovia'' is a genus of East Asian flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
;Species
There is only one known species, ''Tugarinovia mongolica'', native to (Outer) Mongolia and Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia, ...
Amberboa
''Amberboa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, described as a genus in 1832.
Species in this genus are native to central and southwestern Asia.
Species
* ''Amberboa amberboi'' (L.) Tzvelev - Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzb ...
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Callicephalus
''Callicephalus'' is a monotypic taxon, monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing the single species ''Callicephalus nitens''. It is native to the middle and low mountains of the Caucasus,Hidalgo, O., et al. (2006)P ...
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Carduncellus
''Carduncellus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. They are native to the western Mediterranean and surrounding regions.Vilatersana, R., et al. (2000)Generic delimitation and phylogeny of the ''Car ...
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Carthamus
The genus ''Carthamus'', the distaff thistles, includes plants in the family Asteraceae. The group is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia. The flower has been used since ancient times in the Philippines, which it has been called ' ...
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Centaurea
''Centaurea'' () is a genus of over 700 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding reg ...
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Centaurodendron
''Centaurodendron'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. The entire genus is endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean, part of the Republic of Chile.
; Species
* '' Centaurodendron dracaenoides'' Jo ...
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Centaurothamnus
''Centaurothamnus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
There is only one known species, ''Centaurothamnus maximus'', native to Yemen and Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a ...
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Cheirolophus
''Cheirolophus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae first described as a genus in 1827.
The genus is native to the western Mediterranean ( Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Algeria, Morocco, Malta, Canary Islands
...
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Crocodilium
''Crocodilium'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. C ...
Femeniasia
''Femeniasia balearica'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, and the only species in the genus ''Femeniasia''.
Distribution and conservation
''Femeniasia'' is endemic to the north-western coast of Menorca, Spain. Its natura ...
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Goniocaulon
''Goniocaulon'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
;Species
There is only one known species, ''Goniocaulon indicum'', native to India, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and Sudan
Sudan ( or ; ar, السودان, as-Sūdān, offic ...
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Karvandarina
''Karvandarina'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae, it contains two described species that are native to Iran and Pakistan.
, Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an ...
Mantisalca
''Mantisalca'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.Myopordon
''Myopordon'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
; SpeciesNikitinia
''Nikitinia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
There is only one known species, ''Nikitinia leptoclada'', native to Iran and Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a co ...
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Oligochaeta
Oligochaeta () is a subclass of animals in the phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, including all of the various earthworms. Specifically, oligochaetes comprise the terrestrial megadrile earthworm ...
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Phalacrachena
''Phalacrachena'' is a genus of Eurasian plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
; Species
Plagiobasis
''Plagiobasis'' is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
;Species
The only known species is ''Plagiobasis centuroides'', native to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang, and Altai Krai.
;formerly inclu ...
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Plectocephalus
''Plectocephalus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae, it contains seven described species mostly found in Americas and one in Africa.
; Species
* ''Plectocephalus americanus'' (Nutt.) D.Don - Mexic ...
Rhaponticoides
''Rhaponticoides'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, found in northern Africa, southern and eastern Europe, and western Asia as far east as Mongolia. They were resurrected from ''Centaurea''.
In the 20th century the genus ...
Serratula
''Serratula'' is a genus of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae native to Eurasia. Plumeless saw-wort is a common name for plants in this genus. ''Serratula'' as traditionally defined contains at least two groups: one of whi ...
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Stizolophus
''Stizolophus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. C ...
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Tricholepis
''Tricholepis'' is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
; Species
* ''Tricholepis amplexicaulis'' C.B.Clarke - Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Orissa, India, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gu ...
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Volutaria
''Volutaria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. They range from Iberia to the Near East and East Africa, but are most diverse in the Maghreb
The Maghreb (; ar, الْمَغْرِب, al-Maghrib, lit=the west), also ...
Dipterocominae
''Dipterocome'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
There is only one known species, ''Dipterocome pusilla'', native to a large region extending from Greece and Israel to Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic ...
Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
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Dipterocome
''Dipterocome'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
There is only one known species, ''Dipterocome pusilla'', native to a large region extending from Greece and Israel to Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic ...
''
*
Echinopsinae
''Echinops'' is a genus of about 120 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, commonly known as globe thistles. They have spiny foliage and produce blue or white spherical flower heads. They are native to Europe, east to central As ...
Dumort.
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Echinops
''Echinops'' is a genus of about 120 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, commonly known as globe thistles. They have spiny foliage and produce blue or white spherical flower heads. They are native to Europe, east to central As ...
Alfredia
''Alfredia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae described as a genus in 1816.
''Alfredia'' is native to Central Asia and western China.
; Species
* '' Alfredia acantholepis'' Kar. & Kir. - Xinjiang, Altai, Kazakhstan, Kyrg ...
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Ancathia
''Ancathia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
The only known species is ''Ancathia igniaria'', native to Mongolia, Xinjiang, Altay, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), offici ...
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Lamyropappus
''Lamyropappus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
Species
There is only one known species, ''Lamyropappus schakaptaricus'', native to Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontine ...
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Olgaea
''Olgaea'' is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae, having a typical thistle appearance.
In 1922, Modest Mikhaĭlovich Iljin (a botanist from the Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, Botanical Garden ...
Syreitschikovia
''Syreitschikovia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
; Species
* '' Syreitschikovia spinulosa'' (Franch.) Pavlov - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
* '' Syreitschikovia tenuifolia'' (Bong.) Pavlov - Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, ...
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Xanthopappus
''Xanthopappus'' is a genus of Chinese flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
;Species
The only known species is ''Xanthopappus subacaulis'', native to the Provinces of Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Sic ...
Dolomiaea
''Dolomiaea'' is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
The genus name of ''Dolomiaea'' is in honour of Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu (1750–1801), a French geologist.
Known species
References
Asteraceae genera< ...
Staehelininae
''Staehelina'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
Species
*''Staehelina dubia'' L. - western Mediterranean
*''Staehelina petiolata'' ( L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt - Crete + Karpathos Island
*''Staeh ...
Amphoricarpos
''Amphoricarpos'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae described as a genus in 1847.
''Amphoricarpos'' is native to Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and the Balkan Peninsula (including Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', offi ...
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Chardinia
''Chardinia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
There is only one known species, ''Chardinia orientalis'', native to the Middle East, Greece, and Central Asia
Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, ...
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Shangwua
''Shangwua'' is a genus of Asian flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae.
Its native range is from Afghanistan to central and eastern Asia (within East Himalaya, Nepal, Pakistan, Tadzhikistan, Tibet and West Himalaya) and to southern ...
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Siebera
''Siebera'' is a genus of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae.
; SpeciesXeranthemum''