''Cynanchum'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of about 300

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

including some

swallowwort Swallowwort or swallow-wort is a common name for several plants and plant families. The term may be a description of poisonous effects, or indicate that a plant was formerly used medicinally for tonsillitis. It may refer to: * Any of several vine ...

s, belonging to the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (, from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison. Notable mem ...

. The taxon name comes from

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is dog-strangling vine. Most

are non-

succulent In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word ''succulent'' comes from the Latin word ''sucus'', meani ...

climbers or twiners. There is some evidence of

toxicity Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacteria, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect o ...

Morphology

These plants are perennial herbs or subshrubs, often growing from

rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome ( ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and Shoot (botany), shoots from its Node (botany), nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from ...

s. The leaves are usually oppositely arranged and sometimes are borne on petioles. The

inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...

s and flowers come in a variety of shapes. Like other species of the milkweed family, these plants bear follicles, which are podlike dry fruits.

Distribution

These species are found throughout the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

and

subtropics The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones immediately to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately ...

. Several species also grow in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...

regions.

Importance

Species of the ''Cynanchum'' genus had traditional Chinese medicinal uses. The root of ''

Cynanchum atratum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' is used in Chinese traditional medicine and called ''Bai wei'' (白薇).

Baishouwubenzophenone Baishouwubenzophenone is a naturally occurring atropisomeric compound with the formula CHO. Classified as a benzophenone derivative, it has been isolated from the roots of several species in the genus ''Cynanchum'', including ''Cynanchum wilfordii ...

is used in ''

Cynanchum wilfordii ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'', ''Cynanchum auriculatum'' (now ''

Vincetoxicum auriculatum ''Vincetoxicum auriculatum'', synonym ''Cynanchum auriculatum'', is a species of climbing vine. Its Chinese name is ''niu pi xiao'' 牛皮消 (leather eater). ''V. auriculatum'' flowers between June and August; fruiting from August all the ...

''), and ''

Cynanchum bungei ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

''.

Classification

''Cynanchum'' as defined in the late 20th century (to include about 400 species) is

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

and is being broken up. Species are being moved to genera including ''

Orthosia ''Orthosia'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816. As with the genus '' Egira'', moths in this genus are sometimes called early spring millers, as adults are on wing in winter and early spring. S ...

'', ''

Pentarrhinum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'', and ''

Vincetoxicum ''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in '' Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tyl ...

'', with a group of mostly Old World species staying in ''Cynanchum'', and old genera such as ''

Raphistemma ''Raphistemma'' was a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1831, It is native to China and Southeast Asia. but now synonymous and subsumed into the genus '' Cynanchum''. ;Species # ''Raphistemma hoop ...

'' brought to synonymy. Revision of the genus taxonomy in 2023 identified two new synonyms: ''Vincetoxicum sibiricum'' f. ''linearifolium'', described from Shandong, China in 1877, but long neglected and ''Cynanchum gobicum'', previously believed to be endemic to Mongolia.

Species

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...

accepted the following species: * ''

Cynanchum absconditum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' Liede * ''

Cynanchum abyssinicum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

Decne. Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797–1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to s ...

* ''

Cynanchum acidum ''Cynanchum acidum'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, typically found in the arid parts of peninsular India where it is used in religious sacrifices. The plant is religiously linked to Hinduism and is believed to be a m ...

'' ( Roxb.) Oken * '' Cynanchum aculeatum'' (Desc.) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum acuminatum''

Humb. Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian ministe ...

& Bonpl. ex Schult. * ''

Cynanchum acutum ''Cynanchum acutum'' is a species of climbing vine swallowworts native to Europe, Africa, and Asia. Taxonomy Two subspecies are often distinguished: * ''Cynanchum acutum'' subsp. ''acutum'', Europe, Africa, western Asia * ''Cynanchum acutum'' su ...

'' L. * ''

Cynanchum adalinae ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' ( K.Schum.) K.Schum. * '' Cynanchum africanum'' ( L.) Hoffmanns. * '' Cynanchum alatum''

Wight A wight is a being or thing. This general meaning is shared by cognate terms in Germanic languages, however the usage of the term varies greatly over time and between regions. In Old English, it could refer to anything in existence, with more s ...

Arn. George Arnott Walker Arnott of Arlary (6 February 1799 – 17 April 1868) was a Scottish botanist. He collaborated with botanists from around the world and served as a regius professor of botany at the University of Glasgow. An orchid genus ' ...

* '' Cynanchum alternilobum'' (M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum altiscandens'' K.Schum. * '' Cynanchum ambovombense'' (Liede) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum ampanihense'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum analamazaotrense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum anderssonii'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum andringitrense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum angavokeliense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum annularium'' ( Roxb.) Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum ansamalense'' Liede * '' Cynanchum anthonyanum''

Hand.-Mazz. Heinrich Raphael Eduard Freiherr von Handel-Mazzetti (19 February 1882 in Vienna – 1 February 1940) was an Austrian botanist best known for his monograph of dandelions, many publications on the flora of China, and botanical explorations of that ...

* '' Cynanchum antsiranense'' (Meve & Liede) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum appendiculatopsis'' Liede * '' Cynanchum appendiculatum'' Choux * '' Cynanchum arabicum'' ( Bruyns & P.I.Forst.) Meve & Liede * '' Cynanchum arenarium'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum areysianum'' ( Bruyns) Meve & Liede * '' Cynanchum balense'' Liede * '' Cynanchum baronii'' Choux * '' Cynanchum batangense'' P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum beatricis'' Morillo * ''

Cynanchum bernardii ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum bicampanulatum'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum bisinuatum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum blandum'' (

) Sundell * '' Cynanchum blyttioides'' Liede * '' Cynanchum bojerianum'' (

) Choux * '' Cynanchum bosseri'' Liede * '' Cynanchum boudieri'' H.Lév. & Vaniot * ''

Cynanchum boveanum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

* '' Cynanchum bowmanii'' S.T.Blake * '' Cynanchum brasiliense'' ( Morillo) Liede * ''

Cynanchum brevicoronatum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum brevipedicellatum'' ( P.I.Forst.) Liede & Meve * ''

Cynanchum brevipedunculatum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' J.Y.Shen * '' Cynanchum bricenoi'' Morillo * ''

* ''

Cynanchum callialatum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' Buch.-Ham. ex

* '' Cynanchum carautanum'' (Fontella & E.A.Schwarz) Morillo * ''

Cynanchum caudiculatum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' Rapini * '' Cynanchum caudigerum'' R.W.Holm * '' Cynanchum celebicum''

Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America an ...

* '' Cynanchum chanchanense'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum chinense'' R.Br. * '' Cynanchum chouxii'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum comorense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum compactum'' Choux * ''

Cynanchum corymbosum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

* '' Cynanchum crassiantherae'' Liede * '' Cynanchum crassipedicellatum'' Meve & Liede * '' Cynanchum cristalinense'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum cuatrecasasii'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum cubense'' (

A.Rich. Achille Richard was a French botanist, botanical illustrator and physician (27 April 1794 in Paris – 5 October 1852). Biography Achille was the son of the botanist Louis-Claude Marie Richard (1754–1821). He was a pharmacist in the Fren ...

) Woodson * '' Cynanchum cucullatum''

N.E.Br. Nicholas Edward Brown (11 July 1849 in Redhill, Surrey – 25 November 1934 in Kew Gardens, London) was an English plant taxonomist and authority on succulents. He was also an authority on several families of plants, including Asclepiadaceae, ...

* '' Cynanchum cyathiforme'' (Sundell) W.D.Stevens * '' Cynanchum dalhousiae''

* ''

Cynanchum daltonii ''Cynanchum daltonii'', synonym ''Sarcostemma daltonii'', is a species of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae. The species is endemic to Cape Verde.Oromí, Martín, Zurita & Cabrera, 2005 : Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo V ...

'' (

) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum danguyanum'' Choux * '' Cynanchum decaryi'' Choux * ''

Cynanchum decipiens ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' C.K.Schneid. * ''

Cynanchum decorsei ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' ( Costantin & Gallaud) Liede & Meve * ''

Cynanchum defilippii ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family (biology), family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek language, Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the co ...

'' Delponte * '' Cynanchum descoingsii''

Rauh Werner Rauh (16 May 1913 in Niemegk – 7 April 2000 in Heidelberg) was a German biologist, botanist and author. Biography Born in the town of Niemegk near Bitterfeld, Rauh studied at Biology faculty at the University of Halle under the morpho ...

* '' Cynanchum diazmirandae'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum dimidiatum'' (Hassk.) Boerl. * ''

Cynanchum doleriticum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' Goyder * '' Cynanchum dombeyanum'' (

) Morillo * '' Cynanchum duclouxii'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum elachistemmoides'' (Liede & Meve) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum elegans'' (

Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...

) Domin * '' Cynanchum ellipticum'' ( Harv.) R.A.Dyer * '' Cynanchum erikseniae'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum erythranthum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum ethiopicum'' Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum eurychitoides'' ( K.Schum.) K.Schum. * ''

Cynanchum eurychiton ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' (

) K.Schum. * '' Cynanchum falcatum''

Hutch. John Hutchinson (7 April 1884 Blindburn, Northumberland – 2 September 1972 London) was an English botanist, taxonomist and author.''A Botanist in Southern Africa'' John Hutchinson (London, 1946) Life and career Born in Blindburn, Wark on Ty ...

& E.A.Bruce * '' Cynanchum fasciculiflorum'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum fernandezii'' Morillo * ''

Cynanchum fimbricoronum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum floribundum'' R.Br. * '' Cynanchum floriferum'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum foetidum'' ( Cav.)

Kunth Carl Sigismund Kunth (18 June 1788 – 22 March 1850) was a German botanist. He was also known as Karl Sigismund Kunth or anglicized as Charles Sigismund Kunth. He was one of the early systematic botanists who focused on studying the plants of th ...

* '' Cynanchum folotsioides'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum forskaolianum'' Meve & Liede * '' Cynanchum fragrans'' (

Wall. Nathaniel Wolff Wallich (28 January 1786 – 28 April 1854) was a surgeon and botanist of Danish origin who worked in India, initially in the Danish settlement near Calcutta and later for the Danish East India Company and the British East Indi ...

) Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum gentryi'' ( Morillo) Liede * '' Cynanchum gerrardii'' ( Harv.) Liede * '' Cynanchum gilbertii'' Liede * '' Cynanchum giraldii''

* '' Cynanchum glomeratum'' Bosser * ''

Cynanchum gobicum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' Grubov * '' Cynanchum goertsianum'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum gonoloboides''

* '' Cynanchum gracillimum''

* '' Cynanchum graminiforme'' Liede * '' Cynanchum grandidieri'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum graphistemmatoides'' Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum guatemalense''

Dugand Armando Dugand (July 23, 1906 – 1971) was a Colombian botanist, geobotanist, and ornithologist. Dugand's father, François Victor (or Francisco Víctor) Dugand, was a successful French banker; his mother was Reyes Geneco (or Gnecco) Coronado.B ...

* '' Cynanchum guehoi'' Bosser * '' Cynanchum hardyi'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum hastifolium'' K.Schum. * '' Cynanchum haughtii'' Woodson * '' Cynanchum hemsleyanum'' (Daniel Oliver (botanist), Oliv.) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum heteromorphum'' Georg Carl Wilhelm Vatke, Vatke * ''Cynanchum heydei'' Joseph Dalton Hooker, Hook.f. * ''Cynanchum hickenii'' Gustaf Oskar Andersson Malme, Malme * ''Cynanchum hoedimeerium'' Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen van den Brink (born 1911), Bakh.f. * ''Cynanchum hooperianum'' (Carl Ludwig Blume, Blume) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum hubeiense'' Wen B.Xu, B.S.Xia & J.Y.Shen * ''Cynanchum humbert-capuronii'' Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum implicatum'' ( Jum. & H.Perrier) Jum. & H.Perrier * ''Cynanchum insigne'' (

) Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum insipidum'' (Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, E.Mey.) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum insulanum''(Henry Fletcher Hance, Hance) William Hemsley (botanist), Hemsl. * ''Cynanchum itremense'' Liede * ''Cynanchum jaliscanum'' (Anna Murray Vail, Vail) Woodson * ''Cynanchum jaramilloi'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum juliani-marnieri'' Desc. * ''Cynanchum jumellei'' Choux * ''Cynanchum junciforme'' (Decne.) Liede * ''Cynanchum kaschgaricum'' Y.X.Liou * ''Cynanchum kingdonwardii'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * ''Cynanchum kintungense'' Ying Tsiang, Tsiang * ''Cynanchum kwangsiense'' Ying Tsiang, Tsiang & H.D.Zhang * ''Cynanchum laeve'' - honeyvine * ''Cynanchum lanhsuense'' Takasi Yamazaki, T.Yamaz. * ''Cynanchum lecomtei'' Choux * ''Cynanchum ledermannii''

* ''Cynanchum leptolepis'' (

) Domin * ''Cynanchum leptostephanum'' Ludwig Diels, Diels * ''Cynanchum leucophellum'' Ludwig Diels, Diels * ''Cynanchum ligulatum'' (Benth.) Woodson * ''Cynanchum lineare''

* ''Cynanchum liukiuense'' Otto Warburg (botanist), Warb. * ''Cynanchum loheri''

* ''Cynanchum longipedunculatum'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * ''Cynanchum longipes''

* ''Cynanchum longirostrum'' ( K.Schum.) W.D.Stevens * ''Cynanchum lopezpalaciosii'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum luteifluens'' ( Jum. & H.Perrier) Desc. * ''Cynanchum lysimachioides'' Y.Tsiang & P.T.Li * ''Cynanchum maasii'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum macranthum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * ''Cynanchum macrolobum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * ''Cynanchum madagascariense'' K.Schum. * ''Cynanchum magale'' Buch.-Ham. ex Lewis Weston Dillwyn, Dillwyn * ''Cynanchum mahafalense'' Jum. & H.Perrier * ''Cynanchum malampayae'' (Kloppenb., Cajano & Hadsall) Sodusta * ''Cynanchum mariense'' (Meve & Liede) Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum mariquitense'' José Celestino Mutis, Mutis * ''Cynanchum marnieranum''

* ''Cynanchum masoalense'' Choux * ''Cynanchum maximoviczii'' Yevgenia Pobedimova, Pobed. * ''Cynanchum megalanthum'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * ''Cynanchum membranaceum'' (Liede & Meve) Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum menarandrense'' Jum. & H.Perrier * ''Cynanchum messeri'' (Buchenau) Jum. & H.Perrier * ''Cynanchum mevei'' Liede * ''Cynanchum meyeri'' (Decne.)

* ''Cynanchum microstemma'' (Nikolai Turczaninow, Turcz.) Morillo * ''Cynanchum minahassae''

* ''Cynanchum montevidense'' Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel, Spreng. * ''Cynanchum moramangense'' Choux * ''Cynanchum moratii'' Liede * ''Cynanchum mossambicense'' K.Schum. * ''Cynanchum muricatum'' (Carl Ludwig Blume, Blume) Boerl. * ''Cynanchum napiferum'' Choux * ''Cynanchum natalitium''

* ''Cynanchum nematostemma'' Liede * ''Cynanchum nielsenii'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum obovatum'' (Decne.) Choux * ''Cynanchum obtusifolium'' Carl Linnaeus the Younger, L.f. * ''Cynanchum officinale'' (William Hemsley (botanist), Hemsl.) Ying Tsiang, Tsiang & H.D.Zhang * ''Cynanchum orangeanum'' (

)

* ''Cynanchum oresbium'' ( Bruyns) Goyder * ''Cynanchum otophyllum'' C.K.Schneid. * ''Cynanchum ovalifolium''

* ''Cynanchum pachycladon'' Choux * ''Cynanchum pamirense'' Ying Tsiang, Tsiang & H.D.Zhang * ''Cynanchum papillatum'' Choux * ''Cynanchum paramorum'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum pearsonianum'' Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum pedunculatum'' R.Br. * ''Cynanchum peraffine'' Woodson * ''Cynanchum perrieri'' Choux * ''Cynanchum petignatii'' Liede &

* ''Cynanchum phillipsonianum'' Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum physocarpum''

* ''Cynanchum pichi-sermollianum'' (Raimondo & Fici) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum pietrangelii'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum polyanthum'' K.Schum. * ''Cynanchum praecox''

ex Spencer Le Marchant Moore, S.Moore * ''Cynanchum prevostii'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum puberulum'' Ferdinand von Mueller, F.Muell. ex

* ''Cynanchum pulchellum'' (

) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum purpureiflorum'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum purpureum'' (Peter Simon Pallas, Pall.) K.Schum. * ''Cynanchum pusilum'' Grubov * ''Cynanchum pycnoneuroides'' Choux * ''Cynanchum racemosum'' (Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Jacq.) Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Jacq. * ''Cynanchum radians'' (Peter Forsskål, Forssk.) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Lam. * ''Cynanchum radiatum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * ''Cynanchum rauhianum'' Desc. * ''Cynanchum registanense'' Jayanthi * ''Cynanchum rensonii'' (Henri François Pittier, Pittier) Woodson * ''Cynanchum repandum'' (Decne.) K.Schum. * ''Cynanchum resiliens'' (B.R.Adams & R.W.K.Holland) Goyder * ''Cynanchum revoilii'' (Adrien René Franchet, Franch.) Khanum & Liede * ''Cynanchum riometense'' Sundell * ''Cynanchum rioparanense'' Sundell * ''Cynanchum rossii''

* (Nikolai Turczaninow, Turcz.) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum roulinioides'' (Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier, E.Fourn.) Rapini * ''Cynanchum rubricoronae'' Liede * ''Cynanchum rungweense'' Arthur Allman Bullock, Bullock * ''Cynanchum sahyadricum'' (Ansari & Hemadri) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum sarcomedium'' Meve & Liede * ''Cynanchum schistoglossum''

* ''Cynanchum scopulosum'' Bosser * ''Cynanchum sessiliflorum'' (Decne.) Liede * ''Cynanchum sigridiae'' Meve & M.Teissier * ''Cynanchum sinoracemosum'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * ''Cynanchum socotranum'' (John Jacob Lavranos, Lavranos) Meve & Liede * ''Cynanchum somaliense'' (

)

* ''Cynanchum staubii'' Bosser * ''Cynanchum stenospira'' K.Schum. * ''Cynanchum stoloniferum'' (B.R.Adams & R.W.K.Holland) Goyder * ''Cynanchum subpaniculatum'' Woodson * ''Cynanchum subtilis'' Liede * ''Cynanchum suluense''

* ''Cynanchum sumbawanum'' Otto Warburg (botanist), Warb. * ''Cynanchum surrubriflorum'' W.D.Stevens * ''Cynanchum szechuanense'' Ying Tsiang, Tsiang & H.D.Zhang * ''Cynanchum tamense'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum thruppii'' (Daniel Oliver (botanist), Oliv.) Khanum & Liede * ''Cynanchum toliari'' Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum trollii'' Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum tsaratananense'' Choux * ''Cynanchum tuberculatum'' (Carl Ludwig Blume, Blume) Boerl. * ''Cynanchum tunicatum'' (Anders Jahan Retzius, Retz.) Arthur Hugh Garfit Alston, Alston * ''Cynanchum umtalense'' Liede * ''Cynanchum unguiculatum'' (Nathaniel Lord Britton, Britton) Friedrich Markgraf, Markgr. * ''Cynanchum vanlessenii'' (John Jacob Lavranos, Lavranos) Goyder * ''Cynanchum verrucosum'' (Desc.) Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum viminale'' ( L.) L. * ''Cynanchum violator'' R.W.Holm * ''Cynanchum virens'' (Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, E.Mey.) David Nathaniel Friedrich Dietrich, D.Dietr. * ''Cynanchum wallichii''

* ''Cynanchum warburgii''

* ''

'' (Karl Maximovich, Maxim.) Joseph Dalton Hooker, Hook.f. * ''Cynanchum zeyheri''

;Former species * ''Cynanchum auriculatum'' = ''

'' * ''Cynanchum arizonicum'' = ''Metastelma arizonicum'' – Arizona swallow-wort or Arizona climbing milkweed * ''Cynanchum utahense'' = ''Funastrum utahense'' – Utah swallow-wort or Utah vine milkweed

References

External links

''Cynanchum'' at Flora of China
{{Authority control Cynanchum, Apocynaceae genera Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus