''Cycloramphus dubius'' is a species of frog in the family

Cycloramphidae The Cycloramphidae are a family of frogs endemic to southeastern Brazil. This family has seen large changes in its composition. Genera that have at some point been included in the Cycloramphidae are at present placed in the Alsodidae, Hylodidae ...

. It is endemic to the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Common name São Paulo button frog has been coined for it.

Description

Males can grow to and females to in snout–vent length; the mean adult size for males and females is and , respectively. The body is dorso-ventrally flattened. The snout is rounded or has a flared lip. The toes are moderately webbed. Dorsal skin is granular-rugose and overlain with shagreen. Dorsal coloration is uniform or rarely blotched but without distinctive colors.

Reproduction

Reproduction takes place near small waterfalls and continues throughout the year. Males call at night from rock crevices near the waterfalls. Average clutch size is 60 eggs (range 30–80 eggs). The eggs are deposited as a single layer outside water, but where they receive constant moisture from water droplets or spray. Males guard egg clutches and can defend them aggressively. The eggs are in diameter. They hatch as

Gosner stage Gosner stage is a generalized system of describing stages of embryonal and larval development in anurans (frogs and toads). The Gosner system includes 46 numbered stages, from fertilized embryo (stage 1) to the completion of metamorphosis (stage ...

25 tadpoles measuring about in length. The tadpoles stay outside water, feeding above wet rocks.

Habitat and conservation

''Cycloramphus dubius'' occurs in primary and good quality secondary forest streams at elevations of

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...

. Adults are found on rocks and stones and the tadpoles on rocks covered with a film of running water, either in or next to streams. ''Cycloramphus dubius'' is a reasonably common species. Major threats to it is air and water pollution from industry as well as disturbance of its habitat by touristic activities. Its range overlaps with a few protected areas. It is classified as of " least concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2238297 dubius Endemic fauna of Brazil Amphibians of Brazil Taxa named by Alípio de Miranda-Ribeiro Amphibians described in 1920 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot