cyclopropenylidene

Cyclopropenylidene, or ''c''-C₃H₂, is a partially aromatic molecule belonging to a highly reactive class of organic molecules known as carbenes. On Earth, cyclopropenylidene is only seen in the laboratory due to its reactivity. However, cyclopropenylidene is found in significant concentrations in the interstellar medium (ISM) and on Saturn's moon Titan. Its C_2v symmetric isomer, propadienylidene (CCCH₂) is also found in the ISM, but with abundances about an order of magnitude lower. A third C₂ symmetric isomer, propargylene (HCCCH), has not yet been detected in the ISM, most likely due to its low dipole moment.

History

The astronomical detection of ''c''-C₃H₂ was first confirmed in 1985.P. Thaddeus, J. M. Vrtilek, and C. A. Gottlieb "Laboratory and Astronomical Identification of Cyclopropenylidene, C₃H₂." ''Astrophys. J.'' 299 L63 (1985) Four years earlier, several ambiguous lines had been observed in the radio region of spectra taken of the ISM, but the observed lines were not identified at the time. These lines were later matched with a spectrum of ''c''-C₃H₂ using an acetylene-helium discharge.
Surprisingly, ''c''-C₃H₂ has been found to be ubiquitous in the ISM.Lucas, R. and Liszt, H. "Comparative chemistry of diffuse clouds I. C₂H and C₃H₂" ''Astron. & Astrophys.'', 358, 1069 (2000) Detections of ''c''-C₃H₂ in the diffuse medium were particularly surprising because of the low densities. It had been believed that the chemistry of the diffuse medium did not allow for the formation of larger molecules, but this discovery, as well as the discovery of other large molecules, continue to illuminate the complexity of the diffuse medium.
More recently, observations of ''c''-C₃H₂ in dense clouds have also found concentrations that are significantly higher than expected. This has led to the hypothesis that the photodissociation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) enhances the formation of ''c''-C₃H₂.J. Pety et al. "Are PAHs precursors of small hydrocarbons in photo-dissociation regions? The Horsehead case" ''Astron. & Astrophys.'', 435, 885 (2005)

Titan (Moon of Saturn)

On 15 October 2020, it was announced that small amounts of cyclopropenylidene had been found in the atmosphere of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn.

Formation

The formation reaction of ''c''-C₃H₂ has been speculated to be the dissociative recombination of ''c''-.S. A. Maluendes, A. D. McLean, E. Herbst "Calculations Concerning Interstellar Isomeric Abundance Ratios for C₃H and C₃H₂" ''Astrophys. J.'', 417 181 (1993)

: + e⁻ → C₃H₂ + H

''c''- is a product of a long chain of carbon chemistry that occurs in the ISM. Carbon insertion reactions are crucial in this chain for forming . However, as for most ion-molecule reactions speculated to be important in interstellar environments, this pathway has not been verified by laboratory studies. The protonation of ammonia by ''c''- is another formation reaction. However, under typical dense cloud conditions, this reaction contributes less than 1% of the formation of C₃H₂.

Crossed molecular beam experiments indicate that the reaction of the methylidyne radical (CH) with acetylene (C₂H₂) forms cyclopropenylidene plus atomic hydrogen and also propadienylidene plus atomic hydrogen. The neutral–neutral reaction between atomic carbon and the vinyl radical (C₂H₃) also forms cyclopropenylidene plus atomic hydrogen. Both reactions are rapid at 10  K and have no entrance barrier and provide efficient formation pathways in cold interstellar environments and hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their moons.

Matrix isolated cyclopropenylidene has been prepared by flash vacuum thermolysis of a quadricyclane derivative in 1984.

Destruction

Cyclopropenylidene is generally destroyed by reactions between ions and neutral molecules. Of these, protonation reactions are the most common. Any species of the type HX⁺ can react to convert the ''c''-C₃H₂ back to ''c''-. Due to rate constant and concentration considerations, the most important reactants for the destruction of ''c''-C₃H₂ are HCO⁺, , and H₃O⁺.T. J. Millar, P. R. A. Farquhar, K. Willacy "The UMIST Database for Astrochemistry 1995" ''Astron. and Astrophys. Sup.'', 121 139 (1997)

:C₃H₂ + HCO⁺ → + CO

Notice that ''c''-C₃H₂ is mostly destroyed by converting it back to . Since the major destruction pathways only regenerate the major parent molecule, C₃H₂ is essentially a dead end in terms of interstellar carbon chemistry. However, in diffuse clouds or in the photodissociation region (PDR) of dense clouds, the reaction with C⁺ becomes much more significant and C₃H₂ can begin to contribute to the formation of larger organic molecules.

Spectroscopy

Detections of ''c''-C₃H₂ in the ISM rely on observations of molecular transitions using rotational spectroscopy. Since ''c''-C₃H₂ is an asymmetric top, the rotational energy levels are split and the spectrum becomes complicated. Also, it should be noticed that C₃H₂ has spin isomers much like the spin isomers of hydrogen. These ''ortho'' and ''para'' forms exist in a 3:1 ratio and should be thought of as distinct molecules. Although the ortho and para forms look identical chemically, the energy levels are different, meaning that the molecules have different spectroscopic transitions.

When observing ''c''-C₃H₂ in the interstellar medium, there are only certain transitions that can be seen. In general, only a few lines are available for use in astronomical detection. Many lines are unobservable because they are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. The only lines that can be observed are those that fall in the radio window. The more commonly observed lines are the 1₁₀ to 1₀₁ transition at and the 2₁₂ to 1₀₁ transition at of ''ortho''-''c''-C₃H₂.

See also

* List of molecules in interstellar space

References

{{Hydrocarbons

Carbenes