Cyclophoridae is a

taxonomic 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme of classes (a taxonomy) and the allocation ...

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of small to large

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

land snails with an operculum, terrestrial

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the order

Architaenioglossa Architaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda. This " informal group" has been shown to be polyphyletic in a ...

belonging to the subclass

Caenogastropoda Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic subclass of molluscs in the class Gastropoda. It is a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The subcla ...

(according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This diverse family with many species is now limited to the representatives in the tropics and subtropics of the Old and New World. Their fossil history dates back through the Early

Tertiary Tertiary (from Latin, meaning 'third' or 'of the third degree/order..') may refer to: * Tertiary period, an obsolete geologic period spanning from 66 to 2.6 million years ago * Tertiary (chemistry), a term describing bonding patterns in organic ch ...

to the

Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy's (ICS) geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age (geology), age of the Late Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or the lowest stage (stratigraphy), stage of the Upper Cretace ...

age Age or AGE may refer to: Time and its effects * Age, the amount of time someone has been alive or something has existed ** East Asian age reckoning, an Asian system of marking age starting at 1 * Ageing or aging, the process of becoming older ...

of the Cretaceous.

Description

The dextral shells are mostly of small and rarely medium size. The form of the shell varies from discoidal to turbinate. The round

aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...

is often modified, sometimes with an incision or a constriction. The last

whorl A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). In nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral diagra ...

can sometimes be disconnected and then extends strongly from the winding plane. The operculum is generally circular, which can be retracted deeply into the shell. Its form is multispiral and can be calcified or lacking calcareous overlay. The outer layer of the operculum can contain accessory deposits. The head of the soft body ends in a short

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular arthropod mouthparts, mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a pr ...

. The tentacles are round in cross-section, relatively long and taper to the end. The eyes are located at the base of the antenna on flat papillae. The longitudinal muscular foot is not divided. The mantle cavity acts as a lung cavity. The taenioglossan

radula The radula (; : radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters ...

has seven elements per transverse row. The central row of the radula contains usually five, rarely three or seven teeth. The animals are

dioecious Dioecy ( ; ; adj. dioecious, ) is a characteristic of certain species that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproduction is ...

Taxonomy and systematics

This family consists of the following subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, which adapted the tribes of Cyclophorinae from the system used by Wenz (1938). Wenz W. (1938-1944) ''Teil 1: Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia''. In: Schindewolf O. H. (ed.) ''Handbuch der Paläozoologie, Band 6, Gastropoda'', Verlag Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, xii + 1639 pp. Thirty five genera containing approximately 810 species have been recognized as in 2008. Some notable

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

are also listed here: * Subfamily Cyclophoridae incertae sedis (taxon inquirendum) ** '' Acroptychia'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1877 **'' Anosycolus'' Fischer-Piette, C.P. Blanc, F. Blanc & Salvat, 1993 ** † '' Archaeocyclotus'' Asato & Hirano in Hirano et al., 2019 ** '' Dominamaria'' Iredale, 1941 ** '' Ettemona'' Iredale, 1941 ** '' Hainesia'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856 ** † '' Hirsuticyclus'' Neubauer, Xing & Jochum, 2019 ** '' Madgeaconcha'' Griffiths & Florens, 2004 ** '' Naggsiaconcha'' Griffiths & Florens, 2004 ** '' Nobuea'' Kuroda & Miyanaga, 1943 ** † '' Palaeocyclophorus'' Wenz, 1923 ** † '' Tropidogyra'' Wenz, 1923 ** '' Ventriculus'' Wenz in Fischer & Wenz, 1914 ** ''Cyclophorus incertae sedis'' (temporary name) *Subfamily Alycaeinae Blanford, 1864: raised to the rank of family

Alycaeidae Alycaeidae is a taxonomic family of small to large tropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). ...

in 2020 Páll-Gergely, B., Sajan, S., Tripathy, B., Meng, K., Asami, T. & Ablett, J.D. (2020). Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalog. ZooKeys. 981: 1–220
/ref> *Subfamily Cyclophorinae Gray, 1847 **Genus '' Aulopoma'' Troschel, 1847 **Tribe Caspicyclotini Wenz, 1938 ***'' Caspicyclotus'' Forcart, 1935 **Tribe Cyathopomatini Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 ***'' Cyathopoma'' Blanford & Blanford, 1861 *** † '' Mazzinia'' Oppenheim, 1895 ***'' Mychopoma'' Blanford, 1869 ***''Jerdonia'' Blanford & Blanford, 1861: synonym of '' Cyathopoma'' W. T. Blanford & H. F. Blanford, 1861 ***''Pseudojerdonia'' Kobelt, 1902: synonym of ''Cyathopoma (Pseudojerdonia)'' Kobelt, 1902 represented as '' Cyathopoma'' W. T. Blanford & H. F. Blanford, 1861 (unaccepted rank) **Tribe Cyclophorini Gray, 1847 ***'' Afroditropis'' Bequaert & Clench, 1936 ***'' Craspedotropis'' Blanford, 1864 ***'' Crossopoma'' von Martens, 1891 ***'' Cyclophorus'' Montfort, 1810 ***'' Cyclosurus'' Morelet, 1881 ***'' Ditropopsis'' Smith, 1897 ***'' Elgonocyclus'' Verdcourt, 1982 ***'' Japonia'' Gould, 1859 ***'' Lagocheilus'' Blanford, 1864 ***'' Leptopoma'' Pfeiffer, 1847 ***'' Leptopomoides'' Nevill, 1878 ***'' Micraulax'' Theobald, 1876 ***'' Montanopoma'' Stanisic, 2010 ***'' Myxostoma'' Troschel, 1847 ***'' Otopoma'' Gray, 1850 ***'' Owengriffithsius'' Emberton, 2002 ***'' Papuocyclus'' Ancey, 1895 ***'' Pilosphaera'' Lee, Lue & Wu, 2008 ***'' Ptychopoma'' Möllendorff, 1885 ***'' Scabrina'' Blanford, 1863 ***'' Theobaldius'' Nevill, 1878 **Tribe Cyclotini Pfeiffer, 1853 *** '' Afrocyclus'' Cole, 2019 ***'' Cyclotus'' Swainson, 1840 *** '' Eucyclotus'' Möllendorff, 1890 *** '' Nakadaella'' Ancey, 1904 ***'' Opisthoporus'' Benson, 1851 ***'' Platyrhaphe'' Möllendorff, 1890 *** '' Speleocyclotus'' Vermeulen, Luu, Theary & Anker, 2019 ** Genus '' Pholeoteras'' Sturany, 1904 **Tribe Pterocyclini Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 ***'' Millotorbis'' Fischer-Piette & Bedoucha, 1965 ***'' Pterocyclos'' Benson, 1832 ***'' Rhiostoma'' Benson, 1860 ***'' Spiraculum'' Pearson, 1833 **Genus † '' Eotrichophorus'' D. A. Bullis, Herhold, Czekanski-Moir, Grimaldi & Rundell, 2020 *Subfamily † Ferussininae Wenz, 1923 (1915) ** † '' Ferussina'' Grateloup, 1827 *Subfamily Spirostomatinae Tielecke, 1940 ***'' Spirostoma'' Heude, 1885 *Subfamily Spirostomatinae Tielecke, 1940 **'' Spirostoma'' Heude, 1885 *Genus † '' Trotopyrgula'' X.-H. Yu, 1987

References

Sources

* Kobelt, W. (1909). ''Cyclophoridae''. Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedländer und Sohn. The standard reference based on shell morphology. * Nantarat, N., Sutcharit, C., Tongkerd, P., Ablett, J., Naggs, F. & Panha, S. (2014). An annotated catalogue of type specimes of the land snail genus ''Cyclophorus'' Monfort, 1810 (Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoridae) in the Natural History Museum, London. ''ZooKeys'', 411, 1–56. {{Authority control Taxa named by John Edward Gray Gastropod families