Cyclophoridae is a taxonomic

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

of small to large

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

land snails with an operculum,

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is es ...

s in the order

Architaenioglossa Architaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda. This " informal group" has been shown to be polyphyletic in ...

belonging to the subclass

Caenogastropoda Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically succ ...

(according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This diverse family with many species is now limited to the representatives in the tropics and subtropics of the Old and New World. Their fossil history dates back through the Early

Tertiary Tertiary ( ) is a widely used but obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago. The period began with the demise of the non- avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start ...

to the Cenomanian age of the Cretaceous.

Description

The dextral shells are mostly of small and rarely medium size. The form of the shell varies from discoidal to turbinate. The round

aperture In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An ...

is often modified, sometimes with an incision or a constriction. The last

whorl A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). Whorls in nature File:Photograph and axial plane flo ...

can sometimes be disconnected and then extends strongly from the winding plane. The operculum is generally circular, which can be retracted deeply into the shell. Its form is multispiral and can be calcified or lacking calcareous overlay. The outer layer of the operculum can contain accessory deposits. The head of the soft body ends in a short

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elonga ...

. The tentacles are round in cross-section, relatively long and taper to the end. The eyes are located at the base of the antenna on flat papillae. The longitudinal muscular foot is not divided. The mantle cavity acts as a lung cavity. The taenioglossan

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

has seven elements per transverse row. The central row of the radula contains usually five, rarely three or seven teeth. The animals are

dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproducti ...

Taxonomy and systematics

This family consists of the following subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, which adapted the tribes of Cyclophorinae from the system used by Wenz (1938). Wenz W. (1938-1944) ''Teil 1: Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia''. In: Schindewolf O. H. (ed.) ''Handbuch der Paläozoologie, Band 6, Gastropoda'', Verlag Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, xii + 1639 pp. Thirty five genera containing approximately 810 species have been recognized as in 2008. Some notable

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...

are also listed here: * Subfamily Cyclophoridae incertae sedis (taxon inquirendum) ** '' Acroptychia'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1877 **'' Anosycolus'' Fischer-Piette, C.P. Blanc, F. Blanc & Salvat, 1993 ** † '' Archaeocyclotus'' Asato & Hirano in Hirano et al., 2019 ** '' Boucardicus'' Fischer-Piette & Bedoucha, 1965 ** '' Dominamaria'' Iredale, 1941 ** '' Ettemona'' Iredale, 1941 ** '' Hainesia'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856 ** † '' Hirsuticyclus'' Neubauer, Xing & Jochum, 2019 ** '' Madgeaconcha'' Griffiths & Florens, 2004 ** '' Naggsiaconcha'' Griffiths & Florens, 2004 ** ''

Nobuea ''Nobuea'' is a genus of tropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropo ...

'' Kuroda & Miyanaga, 1943 ** † '' Palaeocyclophorus'' Wenz, 1923 ** † '' Tropidogyra'' Wenz, 1923 ** '' Ventriculus'' Wenz in Fischer & Wenz, 1914 ** ''Cyclophorus incertae sedis'' (temporary name) *Subfamily Alycaeinae Blanford, 1864: raised to the rank of family

Alycaeidae Alycaeidae is a taxonomic family of small to large tropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Alycaeidae W. T. Blanford, 1864. Accessed thro ...

in 2020 Páll-Gergely, B., Sajan, S., Tripathy, B., Meng, K., Asami, T. & Ablett, J.D. (2020). Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalog. ZooKeys. 981: 1–220
/ref> *Subfamily Cyclophorinae Gray, 1847 **Tribe Caspicyclotini Wenz, 1938 ***''

Caspicyclotus ''Caspicyclotus'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Cyclophoridae. The species of this genus are found in Western Asia. Species: *''Caspicyclotus akramowskii'' *''Caspicyclotus armenicus'' *''Caspicyclotus belchatoviensis'' *' ...

'' Forcart, 1935 **Tribe Cyathopomatini Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 ***'' Cyathopoma'' Blanford & Blanford, 1861 ***'' Jerdonia'' Blanford & Blanford, 1861 ***'' Mychopoma'' Blanford, 1869 ***'' Pseudojerdonia'' Kobelt, 1902 **Tribe Cyclophorini Gray, 1847 ***'' Afroditropis'' Bequaert & Clench, 1936 ***''

Craspedotropis ''Craspedotropis'' is a genus of land snails in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species in the genus include: * '' Craspedotropis andrei'' Vermeulen, 1999 * '' Craspedotropis bilirata'' Beddome, 1875 * '' Craspedotropis borneensis'' Godw ...

'' Blanford, 1864 ***'' Crossopoma'' von Martens, 1891 ***'' Cyclophorus'' Montfort, 1810 ***''

Cyclosurus ''Cyclosurus'' is a genus of small, air-breathing, land snails with an operculum, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are know ...

'' Morelet, 1881 ***'' Ditropopsis'' Smith, 1897 ***'' Elgonocyclus'' Verdcourt, 1982 ***''

Japonia ''Japonia'' is a genus of land snails with opercula, terrestrial gastropods in the subfamily Cyclophorinae of the family Cyclophoridae. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Japonia A. Gould, 1859. Accessed through: World Register of Mari ...

'' Gould, 1859 ***'' Lagocheilus'' Blanford, 1864 ***'' Leptopoma'' Pfeiffer, 1847 ***'' Leptopomoides'' Nevill, 1878 ***''

Micraulax ''Micraulax'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. These snails are restricted to Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී � ...

'' Theobald, 1876 ***'' Montanopoma'' Stanisic, 2010 ***'' Myxostoma'' Troschel, 1847 ***''

Otopoma ''Otopoma'' is a genus of land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Cyclophorinae of the family Cyclophoridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Otopoma Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' Gray, 1850 ***'' Owengriffithsius'' Emberton, 2002 ***'' Papuocyclus'' Ancey, 1895 ***'' Pilosphaera'' Lee, Lue & Wu, 2008 ***'' Ptychopoma'' Möllendorff, 1885 ***'' Scabrina'' Blanford, 1863 ***'' Theobaldius'' Nevill, 1878 **Tribe Cyclotini Pfeiffer, 1853 ***'' Cyclotus'' Swainson, 1840 ***'' Opisthoporus'' Benson, 1851 ***'' Platyrhaphe'' Möllendorff, 1890 **Tribe Pterocyclini Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 ***'' Millotorbis'' Fischer-Piette & Bedoucha, 1965 ***''

Pterocyclos ''Pterocyclos'' is a genus of tropical land snails in the subfamily Cyclophorinae of the family Cyclophoridae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Pterocyclos Benson, 1832. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.ma ...

'' Benson, 1832 ***''

Rhiostoma ''Rhiostoma'' is a genus of operculate land snails in the subfamily Cyclophorinae of the family Cyclophoridae Cyclophoridae is a taxonomic family of small to large tropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in th ...

'' Benson, 1860 ***'' Spiraculum'' Pearson, 1833 **''Incertae sedis'' ***''

Pholeoteras ''Pholeoteras'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Cyclophoridae. The species of this genus are found in the Balkans The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe wi ...

'' Sturany, 1904 *''Incertae sedis'' **''Incertae sedis'' ***† '' Eotrichophorus'' Bullis, Herhold, Czekanski-Moir, Grimaldi & Rundell, 2020 † ***†'' Pseudarinia'' Yen, 1952 *Subfamily Spirostomatinae Tielecke, 1940 **''Incertae sedis'' ***'' Spirostoma'' Heude, 1885

References

Sources

* Kobelt, W. (1909). ''Cyclophoridae''. Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedländer und Sohn. The standard reference based on shell morphology. * Nantarat, N., Sutcharit, C., Tongkerd, P., Ablett, J., Naggs, F. & Panha, S. (2014). An annotated catalogue of type specimes of the land snail genus ''Cyclophorus'' Monfort, 1810 (Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoridae) in the Natural History Museum, London. ''ZooKeys'', 411, 1–56. {{Taxonbar, from=Q5198942 Taxa named by John Edward Gray