''Cyanea'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s in the family

Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants bel ...

that are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; ) is an island U.S. state, state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two Non-contiguous United States, non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only sta ...

. The name ''Cyanea'' in Hawaiian is ''hāhā''.

Ecology

These

Hawaiian lobelioids The Hawaiian lobelioids are a group of flowering plants in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae, subfamily Lobelioideae, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This is the largest plant radiation in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed t ...

are endemic to Hawaii with over 90% of ''Cyanea'' species are found only on one island in the Hawaiian chain.Givnish, T. J., et al. (2009)
Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae).
''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' 276(1656), 407-16. They grow in moist and wet forest habitatLammers, T. G. (2004)
Five new species of the endemic Hawaiian genus ''Cyanea'' (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae).
''Novon'' 14(1) 84-101. and are largely

pollinated Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, for example bees, beetles or butterflies; bird ...

by birds such as the

Hawaiian honeycreeper Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small birds endemic to Hawaii. They are members of the finch family Fringillidae, closely related to the rosefinches (''Carpodacus''), but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any othe ...

s, and the seeds are dispersed by birds that take the fruits.

Description

Most ''Cyanea'' are trees with few branches or none. The

inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...

is a

raceme A raceme () or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate growth, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are ...

of 4 to 45 flowers which grows from the leaf axils. The fruit is a fleshy

berry A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples of berries in the cul ...

Evolutionary anachronism

There have been several theories regarding the evolution of large prickles on these plants that are endemic to islands that lack any mammalian or reptilian herbivores. One such theory suggests that the prickles are a defense against herbivory by the

moa-nalo The moa-nalo are a group of extinct aberrant, goose-like ducks that lived on the larger Hawaiian Islands, except Hawaii (island), Hawaii itself, in the Pacific. They were the major herbivores on most of these islands until they became extinct a ...

, a few taxa of flightless

duck Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family (biology), family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and goose, geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfam ...

s that went

extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...

on the islands within the last 1600 years, an example of evolutionary anachronism.Givnish, T. J., et al. (1994)
Thorn-like prickles and heterophylly in ''Cyanea'': adaptations to extinct avian browsers on Hawaii?
''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 91(7), 2810-14.

Species

There are about 78 species in the genus.Oppenheimer, H. and D. H. Lorence. (2012)
A new species of ''Cyanea'' (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) from Maui, Hawaiian Islands.
''PhytoKeys'' (13), 15-23. Species include: * ''

Cyanea aculeatiflora Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * Cyanea, a Naiad * ''Cyanea'', a species name In taxonomy, binomial n ...

'' – Haleakala cyanea * ''

Cyanea acuminata ''Cyanea acuminata'' is a rare species of flowering plant known by the common names Honolulu cyanea. It is endemic to Oahu, where there are no more than 250 individuals remaining.Bruegmann, M. M. & V. Caraway. (2003)''Cyanea acuminata'' IUCN Red ...

'' – Honolulu cyanea * ''

Cyanea angustifolia ''Cyanea angustifolia'' is a plant in the genus ''Cyanea (plant), Cyanea'' that is found in Hawaii.Cyan ...

'' – hāhā, aku, * '' Cyanea arborea'' – palmtree cyanea * '' Cyanea asarifolia'' – gingerleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea aspleniifolia'' – spleenwort cyanea * '' Cyanea calycina'' – Waianae Range rollandia, Oahu cyanea * ''

Cyanea comata Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * Cyanea, a Naiad * ''Cyanea'', a species name In taxonomy, binomial n ...

'' – Maui cyanea * '' Cyanea copelandii'' – treetrunk cyanea * '' Cyanea coriacea'' – leatherleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea crispa'' – Koolau Range rollandia * '' Cyanea cylindrocalyx'' – Splitleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea dolichopoda'' – long-foot cyanea * '' Cyanea dunbariae'' – ravine cyanea * '' Cyanea duvalliorum'' * ''

Cyanea eleeleensis ''Cyanea eleeleensis'' was a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Eleele cyanea. It was endemic to Kauai, where it has been declared extinct.USFWSDetermination of endangered status for 48 species on Ka ...

'' – eleele cyanea * ''

Cyanea elliptica Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * Cyanea, a Naiad * ''Cyanea'', a species name In taxonomy, binomial n ...

'' – ellipticleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea fissa'' – Kauai cyanea * '' Cyanea floribunda'' – Degener's cyanea * '' Cyanea giffardii'' – Kilauea Mauna cyanea * '' Cyanea gibsonii'' * ''

Cyanea glabra ''Cyanea glabra'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae known by the common name smooth cyanea. It is endemic to Maui, where there are twelve plants remaining in the wild.Bruegmann, M. M. & V. Caraway. (2003)''Cyanea gl ...

'' – smooth cyanea * '' Cyanea grimesiana'' – splitleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea habenata'' – stream-bed cyanea * '' Cyanea hamatiflora'' – wetforest cyanea * '' Cyanea hardyi'' – Oahu cyanea * '' Cyanea heluensis'' * ''

Cyanea hirtella Cyanea may refer to: * Cyanea (jellyfish), ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * Cyanea (plant), ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * Cyanea, a Naiad * ''Cyanea'', a List of ...

'' – rustyleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea horrida'' – prickly cyanea, * ''

Cyanea humboldtiana ''Cyanea humboldtiana'' (formerly ''Rollandia humboldtiana'') is a rare species of flowering plant in the Campanulaceae, bellflower family known by the common name Oʻahu rollandia. It is native to Oahu, Oʻahu, where it is known only from the Ko ...

'' – Oahu rollandia * '' Cyanea kahiliensis'' – spoonleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea kauaulaensis'' * '' Cyanea kolekoleensis'' – kolekole cyanea * '' Cyanea konahuanuiensis'' – Hāhā miliohu * ''

Cyanea koolauensis Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * Cyanea, a Naiad * ''Cyanea'', a species name In taxonomy, binomial n ...

'' – Palolo Valley rollandia * '' Cyanea kuhihewa'' – Limahuli Valley cyanea * '' Cyanea kunthiana'' – Kunth's cyanea * '' Cyanea lanceolata'' – lanceleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea leptostegia'' – giant kokee cyanea * '' Cyanea linearifolia'' – linearleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea lobata'' – Waihee Valley cyanea * '' Cyanea longiflora'' – ridge rollandia * ''

Cyanea longissima Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * Cyanea, a Naiad * ''Cyanea'', a species name In taxonomy, binomial n ...

'' – streambank cyanea * '' Cyanea macrostegia'' – purple cyanea * '' Cyanea magnicalyx'' * '' Cyanea mannii'' – Mann's cyanea * '' Cyanea maritae'' * ''

Cyanea marksii ''Cyanea marksii'', or Marks' cyanea, is a tree in the bellflower family. It is critically endangered. Some think that it is extinct. Distribution It is native to North America and was found on Hawaii. Taxonomy It was named by Joseph Rock ...

'' – Marks' cyanea * '' Cyanea mauiensis'' – Maui cyanea * ''

Cyanea mceldowneyi ''Cyanea mceldowneyi'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name McEldowney cyanea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Maui.Cyanea membranacea'' – papery cyanea * '' Cyanea minutiflora'' * '' Cyanea munroi'' – Munro's cyanea * '' Cyanea obtusa'' – bluntlobe cyanea * '' Cyanea parvifolia'' – Waioli Valley rollandia * ''

Cyanea pilosa Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * Cyanea, a Naiad * ''Cyanea'', a species name In taxonomy, binomial n ...

'' – hairy cyanea * ''

Cyanea pinnatifida ''Cyanea pinnatifida'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the Campanulaceae, bellflower family known by the common name sharktail cyanea. It is Endemism, endemic to Oahu, but it is now extinct in the wild and only exists in cultivation.Brueg ...

'' – sharktail cyanea * ''

Cyanea platyphylla ''Cyanea platyphylla'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common names puna cyanea and flatleaf cyanea. It is endemic to the island of Hawaii, where there are fewer than 100 plants remaining in the wild.

'' – puna cyanea * '' Cyanea pohaku'' – pohaku cyanea * '' Cyanea procera'' – Molokai cyanea * ''

Cyanea profuga Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * Cyanea, a Naiad * ''Cyanea'', a species name In taxonomy, binomial n ...

'' – Mapulehu Valley cyanea * '' Cyanea pseudofauriei'' – hāhā * '' Cyanea purpurellifolia'' – Panaluu Mountain rollandia * '' Cyanea pycnocarpa'' – manyfruit cyanea * '' Cyanea quercifolia'' – oakleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea recta'' – Kealia cyanea * '' Cyanea remyi'' – Remy's cyanea * '' Cyanea rivularis'' – plateau cyanea * '' Cyanea salicina'' – willow cyanea * '' Cyanea scabra'' – harsh cyanea * '' Cyanea sessilifolia'' – sessileleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea shipmanii'' – Shipman's cyanea * '' Cyanea solanacea'' – popolo * '' Cyanea solenocalyx'' – pua kala, molokai * '' Cyanea spathulata'' – spoonleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea st.-johnii'' – St. John's rollandia * '' Cyanea stictophylla'' – Kaiholena cyanea * '' Cyanea superba'' – Mt. Kaala cyanea * ''

Cyanea tritomantha Cyanea may refer to: * Cyanea (jellyfish), ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * Cyanea (plant), ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * Cyanea, a Naiad * ''Cyanea'', a List of ...

'' – aku aku, aku * '' Cyanea truncata'' – Punaluu cyanea * '' Cyanea undulata'' – leechleaf cyanea

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q148336 Endemic flora of Hawaii Campanulaceae genera