Curriculum and Instruction (C&I) is a field within

education Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education als ...

which seeks to research, develop, and implement

curriculum In education, a curriculum (; : curriculums or curricula ) is the totality of student experiences that occur in an educational process. The term often refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view of the student's experi ...

changes that increase learner achievement in educational settings. The field focuses on how people learn and the best ways to educate. It is also interested in new trends in teaching and learning process. It tries to find answers to questions such as "why to teach", "what to teach", "how to teach" and "how to evaluate" in instructional process.

Master's degrees A master's degree (from Latin ) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional prac ...

and

doctorate A doctorate (from Latin ''doctor'', meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism '' licentia docendi'' ("licence to teach ...

s are offered at a number of

universities A university () is an educational institution, institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly ...

History

John Franklin Bobbitt John Franklin Bobbitt (February 16, 1876 near English, Indiana – March 7, 1956 in Shelbyville, Indiana) was an American educationist, a university professor and a writer. A representative of the efficiency minded thinkers, he specialized ...

's work, ''The Curriculum'' (1918), is considered the first textbook on

. Bobbitt is considered the founder of modern

curriculum theory Curriculum theory (CT) is an academic discipline devoted to examining and shaping educational curricula. There are many interpretations of CT, being as narrow as the dynamics of the learning process of one child in a classroom to the lifelong lea ...

. Ralph W. Tyler's ''Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction'' (1949) is later considered a seminal work on the subject. Tyler formalized his ideas on the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of curricula and instructional programs for educational institutions. Tyler's book was a bestseller and has since been reprinted in 36 editions, shaping the subject of curriculum and instructional design to this day. Hilda Taba's thesis included two key ideas on the subject: first, how learning should involve dynamic, coherent, and interconnected processes, and second, how teachers should be responsible for delivering and evaluating the curriculum. She believed that educational curricula should focus on teaching students to think rather than simply repeating facts. After working with

John Dewey John Dewey (; October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and Education reform, educational reformer. He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century. The overridi ...

Benjamin Bloom Benjamin Samuel Bloom (February 21, 1913 – September 13, 1999) was an American educational psychology, educational psychologist and Didactic method, didactician who made contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to ...

, Ralph W. Tyler, Deborah Elkins, and

Robert J. Havighurst Robert James Havighurst (Hurlock) (June 5, 1900 – January 31, 1991) was a chemist and physicist, educator, and expert on human development and aging. Havighurst worked and published well into his 80s. He died of Alzheimer's disease in January ...

, she wrote a major book on the subject, ''Curriculum Development: Theory and Practice'' (1962).

Concept of curriculum

Concept of curriculum theory

Curriculum studies

References

Sources