Cupaniopsis foveolata leaves and flowers

''Cupaniopsis'' is a genus of about 45 species of flowering plants in the family,

Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family. It contains 138 genera and 1,858 accepted species. Examples include Aesculus, horse chestnut, maples, ackee and lychee. The ...

and are native to

Fiji Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about ...

, Indonesia,

New Caledonia New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...

, the

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, also known simply as the Solomons,John Prados, ''Islands of Destiny'', Dutton Caliber, 2012, p,20 and passim is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 1000 smaller islands in Melanesia, part of Oceania, t ...

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (; ), is an island country in Melanesia located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, east o ...

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and known until 1997 as Western Samoa, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu), two smaller, inhabited ...

Torres Strait Islands The Torres Strait Islands are an archipelago of at least 274 small islands in the Torres Strait, a waterway separating far northern continental Australia's Cape York Peninsula and the island of New Guinea. They span an area of , but their tot ...

Micronesia Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of approximately 2,000 small islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: Maritime Southeast Asia to the west, Poly ...

and Australia. Plants in the genus ''Cupaniopsis'' are trees with

paripinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common Anatomical terms of location#Axes, axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology (biology), morphology, in Crysta ...

with small, regular flowers with 5

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...

s and petals with 6 to 10

stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...

s and the fruit a capsule.

Description

Plants in the genus ''Cupaniopsis'' are trees, either

monoecious Monoecy (; adj. monoecious ) is a sexual system in seed plants where separate male and female cones or flowers are present on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with gynomonoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy, and contras ...

or diecious with paripinnate leaves arranged in opposite pairs or alternately along the branches, the flowers arranged in leaf axils in

raceme A raceme () or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate growth, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are ...

-like or

panicle In botany, a panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a p ...

-like groups. The flowers are small, have 5 sepals and 5 petals with 6 to 10 stamens, the

ovary The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/ oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are end ...

usually with 3

locule A locule (: locules) or loculus (; : loculi) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usually refers to a chamber within an ovary ...

s. The fruit is an oval to more or less spherical, slightly fleshy capsule. The seed is elliptical with a thin, cup-shaped

aril An aril (), also called arillus, is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed. An arillode, or false aril, is sometimes distinguished: whereas an aril grows from the attachment point of the seed to the ova ...

that usually nearly encloses the seed.

Taxonomy

The genus ''Cupaniopsis'' was first formally described in 1879 by

Ludwig Adolph Timotheus Radlkofer Ludwig Adolph Timotheus Radlkofer (19 December 1829, in Munich – 16 February 1927, in Munich), was a Bavarian taxonomist and botanist. Radlkofer became a physician in 1854 and earned a PhD in botany at University of Jena, Jena the following yea ...

in the journal ''Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen''. The first species he named, the

type Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * ...

species, was ''

Cupaniopsis anacardioides ''Cupaniopsis anacardioides'', commonly known as tuckeroo, cashew-leaf cupania, carrotwood, beach tamarind or green-leaved tamarind, is a species of flowering plant in the family, Sapindaceae, and is native to eastern and northern Australia. I ...

''. The genus name (''Cupaniopsis'') means a 'resemblance to the genus ''

Cupania ''Cupania'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae. It includes 58 species native to the tropical Americas, ranging from Mexico and south Florida through Central America, the Caribbean, and South America to northern Argentina. ...

, in turn, named after the Italian monk,

Francesco Cupani Francesco Cupani ( 21 January 1657, Mirto, Sicily, Mirto – 19 January 1710, Palermo ) was an Italians, Italian naturalist mainly interested in botany. In 1692 he became the first Director of the botanic garden at Misilmeri. Here the plants w ...

Species list

The following is a list of ''Cupaniopsis'' species accepted by

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...

as at August 2024: * '' Cupaniopsis acuticarpa'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis amoena'' (

) * ''

'' – tuckeroo, cashew-leaf cupania, carrotwood, beach tamarind, green-leaved tamarind (New Guinea, N.S.W., N.T., Qld., W.A.) * '' Cupaniopsis apiocarpa'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis azantha'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis baileyana'' – narrow-leaved tuckeroo, toothed tuckeroo, white tamarind (N.S.W., Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis bilocularis'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis bullata'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis celebica''

Sulawesi Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min ...

* '' Cupaniopsis chytradenia'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis cooperorum'' – Cooper's puzzle (Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis crassivalvis'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis curvidens'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis dallachyi'' (Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis diploglottoides'' – velvet tamarind (Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis euneura'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis flagelliformis'' – brown tuckeroo, weeping flower tamarind (Qld., N.S.W.), * '' Cupaniopsis fleckeri'' (Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis foveolata'' (Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis grisea'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis hypodermatica'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis kajewskii'' (Solomon Islands) * '' Cupaniopsis leptobotrys'' (Fiji, Vanuatu) * '' Cupaniopsis mackeeana'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis macrocarpa'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis macropetala'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis megalocarpa'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis napaensis'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis newmanii'' – long-leaved tuckeroo(Qld., N.S.W.) * '' Cupaniopsis papillosa'' – Tully Falls tamarind (Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis petiolulata'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis phalacrocarpa'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis phanerophlebia'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis platycarpa'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis rhytidocarpa'' (New Guinea) * '' Cupaniopsis serrata'' (Qld., N.S.W.) – smooth tuckeroo (N.S.W., Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis shirleyana'' – wedge-leaved tuckeroo (Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis simulata'' – northern tuckeroo (Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis stenopetala'' (New Guinea,

Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands ( ; , ) or the Moluccas ( ; ) are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia. Tectonics, Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located in West ...

) * '' Cupaniopsis strigosa'' (

) * '' Cupaniopsis sylvatica'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis tomentella'' (Qld.) * '' Cupaniopsis trigonocarpa'' (New Caledonia) * '' Cupaniopsis vitiensis'' (Fiji) * '' Cupaniopsis wadsworthii'' (Qld.) In 1991 a 190-page monograph of the genus was published by

Dutch Dutch or Nederlands commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands ** Dutch people as an ethnic group () ** Dutch nationality law, history and regulations of Dutch citizenship () ** Dutch language () * In specific terms, i ...

botanist Frits Adema. Australian botanist Sally T. Reynolds, from 1984 to 1991 published new formal scientific names, descriptions, updates and species clarifications, in her scientific journal articles and the ''

Flora of Australia The flora of Australia comprises a vast assemblage of plant species estimated to over 21,000 vascular and 14,000 non-vascular plants, 250,000 species of fungi and over 3,000 lichens. The flora has strong affinities with the flora of Gondwana, ...

'' treatment.

Conservation status

Globally, the New Caledonian endemic species '' C. crassivalvis'' has become extinct according to the IUCN's 1998 assessment. In Australia, '' C. shirleyana'' and '' C. tomentella'' are listed as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government ''

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The ''Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999'' (Cth) is an Act of the Parliament of Australia that provides a framework for protection of the Australian environment, including its biodiversity and its natural and cult ...

'' and '' C. cooperorum'' is listed as "vulnerable" under the Queensland Government ''

Nature Conservation Act The ''Nature Conservation Act 1992'' is an act of the Parliament of Queensland, Australia, that, together with subordinate legislation, provides for the legislative protection of Queensland's threatened biota. As originally published, it prov ...

''. '' C. newmannii'' is listed as "near threatened" under the same Act. '' C. serrata'' is listed as "endangered" in New South Wales under the '' Biodiversity Conservation Act''.

Invasive species

'' C. anacardioides'' has been introduced into the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

, where in some parts they are

invasive plants An invasive species is an introduced species that harms its new environment. Invasive species adversely affect habitats and bioregions, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage. The term can also be used for native species ...

, primarily in

Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...

and

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; ) is an island U.S. state, state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two Non-contiguous United States, non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only sta ...

, where the common name carrotwood applies.

References

{{Authority control Sapindaceae genera Sapindales of Australia Taxa named by Ludwig Adolph Timotheus Radlkofer