Culshaw And Sumners
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Culshaw and Sumners was a firm of English architects and surveyors who practised in
Liverpool Liverpool is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. It is situated on the eastern side of the River Mersey, Mersey Estuary, near the Irish Sea, north-west of London. With a population ...
in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The work of the practice reflected the growing economic prosperity of the city during this period. Much of its work was routine and mundane, but it did produce some notable buildings, including office blocks, warehouses, domestic properties, workhouses, churches, and a hospital. The firm was established by 1839 by William Culshaw, who was joined by Henry Sumners in 1861. Following Culshaw's death in 1874, the practice was continued until 1916 by his son, Alfred.


History

The firm was founded by 1839 by William Culshaw (1807–74) who had moved to Liverpool in about 1834 to join a firm of architects and surveyors. He practised on his own for over 20 years until in 1861 Henry Sumners (1825–95) joined him to manage the architectural side of the practice. In 1866 they formed a partnership and were known as Culshaw and Sumners. The partnership continued until March 1873, being dissolved when Culshaw took his eldest son, Alfred (1849/50–1926), into partnership. William Culshaw died during the following year, and his son continued to run the practice until 1916. For a short period in 1876–77 the practice was known as William Culshaw & Sons, probably because Alfred's brother William H. Culshaw joined the firm, but from 1878 it was known as William Culshaw & Son. The practice worked throughout from an office in Rumford Court, Rumford Street, in the business area of Liverpool.


William Culshaw

William Culshaw was born in
Ormskirk Ormskirk is a market town in the West Lancashire district of Lancashire, England. It is located north of Liverpool, northwest of St Helens, Merseyside, St Helens, southeast of Southport and southwest of Preston, Lancashire, Preston. Ormski ...
,
Lancashire Lancashire ( , ; abbreviated ''Lancs'') is a ceremonial county in North West England. It is bordered by Cumbria to the north, North Yorkshire and West Yorkshire to the east, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south, and the Irish Sea to ...
, in 1807. His father was a joiner and builder, but William received no formal architectural training. In about 1834 he moved to Liverpool and joined the firm of Leather and Riding, architects and surveyors. This was at a time when there was a building boom in the city, and by 1839 Culshaw had established in his own business as an architect and surveyor. At the time of his death in 1874, he lived in Rodney Street, one of the most prestigious streets in the city, and owned property worth nearly £140,000 (equivalent to £ in ).


Henry Sumners

Henry Sumners was born in Liverpool in 1825, the son of a boot-maker in Bold Street. He was apprenticed to the
Birkenhead Birkenhead () is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England. The town is on the Wirral Peninsula, along the west bank of the River Mersey, opposite Liverpool. It lies within the Historic counties of England, historic co ...
architect Charles Reed (later Verelst), and while there won a competition for the layout of Cressington Park, Liverpool. He then went to London where he worked with architects, including
Charles Barry Sir Charles Barry (23 May 1795 – 12 May 1860) was an English architect best known for his role in the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster (also known as the Houses of Parliament) in London during the mid-19th century, but also responsi ...
, before undertaking a tour of the Continent to study architecture. Before he joined Culshaw, he had created an imaginative but unexecuted scheme for the development of the area around St George's Hall in Liverpool, and designed two houses in
High Victorian Gothic High Victorian Gothic was an eclectic architectural style and movement during the mid-late 19th century. It is seen by architectural historians as either a sub-style of the broader Gothic Revival style, or a separate style in its own right. Prom ...
style for Dr Drysdale in
Waterloo Waterloo most commonly refers to: * Battle of Waterloo, 1815 battle where Napoleon's French army was defeated by Anglo-allied and Prussian forces * Waterloo, Belgium Waterloo may also refer to: Other places Australia * Waterloo, New South Wale ...
. Sharples is of the opinion that the arrival of Sumners "marked a watershed in the firm's development". Sumners introduced new features into the designs, and most of the more notable buildings produced by the firm are attributable to him. After leaving the practice in 1873, Sumners continued to design notable buildings, including St Cyprian's Church, in Edge Hill, St Luke's Art Workshops and the display space for the International Exhibition of Navigation, Commerce and Industry. In 1878 he was appointed as president of the Liverpool Architectural Society.


Practice characteristics

The practice is particularly interesting because an archive of over 6.000 documents produced between the mid-1830s and 1873, including over 3,500 drawings, have survived, although there are no associated financial records or correspondence. Almost all the works executed by the firm were in or near Liverpool, with only occasional commissions further afield, for example in
Shropshire Shropshire (; abbreviated SalopAlso used officially as the name of the county from 1974–1980. The demonym for inhabitants of the county "Salopian" derives from this name.) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in the West M ...
,
Staffordshire Staffordshire (; postal abbreviation ''Staffs''.) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in the West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England. It borders Cheshire to the north-west, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, ...
, and North Wales, all of which were gained through Liverpool connections. The practice created designs for a large variety of buildings, including houses, shops, office blocks, warehouses, churches, public houses, and shops.


1830s to 1861

Initially Culshaw's business "thrived on the office-building frenzy that gripped Liverpool from the 1849s to the 1860s". Culshaw designed about 20 office buildings before he was joined by Sumners, with a similar number afterwards. Many of Culshaw's designs were derived from existing buildings, although he did introduce some new features, including rows of large
sash window A sash window or hung sash window is made of one or more movable panels, or "sashes". The individual sashes are traditionally paned windows, but can now contain an individual sheet (or sheets, in the case of double glazing) of glass. History ...
s to improve the light available for the examination of cotton samples. His designs for these buildings were mainly in Neoclassical style, although he also introduced some
Italianate The Italianate style was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. Like Palladianism and Neoclassicism, the Italianate style combined its inspiration from the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century It ...
features. Culshaw also designed houses, some of which were in terraces near the city centre, but most were for detached or semi-detached villas in the suburbs. He designed over 50 of the latter, and in addition made plans for extensions or alterations to them. These houses were mainly in Italianate style, either
stucco Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and ...
ed, or in brick with stucco dressings. On occasions he introduced Neoclassical, Tudor, and Gothic features. His designs for public houses, shops, and hotels tended to be Neoclassical. He also designed 16 schemes for remodelling or building new warehouses, and created
workhouse In Britain and Ireland, a workhouse (, lit. "poor-house") was a total institution where those unable to support themselves financially were offered accommodation and employment. In Scotland, they were usually known as Scottish poorhouse, poorh ...
s in Whiston, Ormskirk,
Runcorn Runcorn is an industrial town and Runcorn Docks, cargo port in the Borough of Halton, Cheshire, England. Runcorn is on the south bank of the River Mersey, where the estuary narrows to form the Runcorn Gap. It is upstream from the port of Live ...
, and
West Derby West Derby ( ) is an area of Liverpool, Merseyside, England, in the east of the city. At the 2011 Census, the population was 14,382. History West Derby Mentioned in the ''Domesday Book'', West Derby achieved significance far earlier tha ...
.


1861 and after

Between 1861 and 1866, before Sumners became a partner, his drawings and plans were signed by Culshaw. Sumners introduced more original and eclectic features into his designs, including
Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...
features. The practice continued to design office blocks, houses, churches and institutional buildings. Notable houses included 19 Abercromby Square, Liverpool (1862). and Quarry Bank House, Allerton (1866), and among the churches were St Stephen, Byrom Street (1867–68, since demolished), and Christ Church, Linnet Lane (1867). The architectural historian
Nikolaus Pevsner Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner (30 January 1902 – 18 August 1983) was a German-British art historian and architectural historian best known for his monumental 46-volume series of county-by-county guides, ''The Buildings of England'' (195 ...
, writing in 1969, was particularly impressed by Sumners' design for a mortuary chapel in Everton (built in 1866, demolished after 1969). Sumners continued the practice's tradition of building workhouses with a complex of buildings at
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, of which the main block of 23 
bays A bay is a recessed, coastal body of water that directly connects to a larger main body of water, such as an ocean, a lake, or another bay. A large bay is usually called a ''gulf'', ''sea'', ''sound'', or ''bight''. A ''cove'' is a small, ci ...
with its clock tower, has survived. The practice also designed Liverpool's Royal Southern Hospital (1867, since demolished).


Appraisal

Discussing the two main partners, Sharples expresses the opinion that, while Sumners "certainly had talent", Culshaw was "a designer of limited imagination". Two of Culshaw's obituaries suggested that his main skills were as a surveyor and valuer; one obituary stated that his architectural practice was "purely appurtenant to his employment as a surveyor". The archive of documents contains much information about the work of the practice and its clients. Many of the clients were businessmen working from nearby offices, who used the practice not only for works on these and similar premises, but also on their domestic properties. These domestic properties included villas and large houses in the affluent suburbs in and around Liverpool, and further afield. The few domestic commissions outside the immediate area came from the firm's bushiness clients or their relatives. The works further afield included work on outbuildings at Gyrn Castle in North Wales, which was the
country house image:Blenheim - Blenheim Palace - 20210417125239.jpg, 300px, Blenheim Palace - Oxfordshire An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were often owned by individuals who also owned a Townhou ...
of Sir Edward Bates, a Liverpool merchant and ship-owner, and on
Maer Hall upright=1.35, Maer Hall Maer Hall is a large Grade II listed 17th-century country house in Maer, Staffordshire, set in a park which is listed Grade II in Historic England's Register of Parks and Gardens The large stone-built country house and ...
in
Staffordshire Staffordshire (; postal abbreviation ''Staffs''.) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in the West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England. It borders Cheshire to the north-west, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, ...
for William Davenport, a relative of Edward Bates. Although the practice gained a large number of commissions, many of these were for mundane and routine work, such as planning the alteration, extension, or conversion of existing buildings. The firm did create a substantial number of new buildings, some of which have been demolished. Of those remaining, only a few can be considered to be particularly notable. Just 16 new buildings designed by the practice have been designated by
English Heritage English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, a battlefield, medieval castles, Roman forts, historic industrial sites, Lis ...
or
Cadw (, a Welsh verbal noun meaning "keeping/preserving") is the historic environment service of the Welsh Government and part of the Tourism and Culture group. works to protect the historic buildings and structures, the landscapes and heritage ...
as
listed building In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a structure of particular architectural or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Hi ...
s, and all of these are at Grade II, with none at the higher grades. The output of the practice is considered by Sharples to be a reflection of "the immense quantity and variety of building generated by the economic powerhouse of Victorian Liverpool".


See also

*
List of extant works by Culshaw and Sumners Culshaw and Sumners was a firm of English architects and surveyors who practised in Liverpool in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was founded in the 1830s by Culshaw and Sumners#William Culshaw, William Culshaw (1807–74), who was joi ...


References and notes

Notes Citations Sources * * * * * * {{refend Architecture firms based in Liverpool British companies established in 1839 1839 establishments in England