Crossognathiformes is an

extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...

order of

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...

that lived from the

Late Jurassic The Late Jurassic is the third Epoch (geology), epoch of the Jurassic Period, and it spans the geologic time scale, geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.8 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic stratum, strata.Owen ...

to the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...

. Its phylogenetic placement is disputed; some authors have recovered it as part of the

teleost Teleostei (; Ancient Greek, Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts (), is, by far, the largest group of ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii), with 96% of all neontology, extant species of f ...

stem group In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. ...

, while others place it in a basal position within

crown group In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor ...

Teleostei. Other placements have found it to be polyphyletic, with Varasichthyidae being stem-group teleosts whereas the other, "true" crossognathiforms are crown-group teleosts within

Teleocephala Teleocephala is a supercohort of vertebrates, it is the grouping which contains the "crown group" of the Teleostei, the bony fishes. The name was coined by Mario de Pinna in his 1996 book ''Interrelationships of Fishes'' and the clade was given ...

. The oldest definitive crossognathiforms are known from the

( Oxfordian) of

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...

. They diversified afterwards and became a dominant group of marine fish throughout much of the

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...

. The last surviving member was the pachyrhizodontid ''

Platinx ''Platinx'' is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish that inhabited the northern Tethys Ocean during the early to middle Eocene. It was the last surviving member of the ancient order Crossognathiformes, which was a dominant and successful gr ...

'' from the

Classification

Order Crossognathiformes Taverne, 1989 * '' Bavarichthys'' Arratia & Tischlinger, 2010 * '' Kradimus'' Veysey ''et al.'', 2020 * Family Varasichthyidae Arratia, 1981 ** ''

Bobbichthys ''Bobbichthys'' is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish that lived in what is now Chile during the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic epoch. It was a member of the Varasichthyidae, a family of potentially crossognathiform fish. It was ...

'' Arratia, 1986 ** ''

Domeykos ''Domeykos'' is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish that lived in what is now Chile during the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic epoch. It contains one species, ''Domeykos profetaensis'', known from the Quebrada del Profeta of Antofa ...

'' Arratia & Schultze, 1985 ** '' Luisichthys'' White, 1942 ** ''

Protoclupea ''Protoclupea'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived from the Oxfordian to the early Tithonian stage of the Late Jurassic epoch. It contains one species, ''Protoclupea chilensis'', fossils of which have been found in the Domeyko Ra ...

'' Arratia ''et al.'', 1975 ** ''

Varasichthys ''Varasichthys'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic epoch. It contains one species, ''Varasichthys ariasi'', fossils of which have been found in the Domeyko Range of Antofagasta R ...

'' Arratia, 1981 * Family Chongichthyidae Arratia, 1982 ** ''

Chongichthys ''Chongichthys'' is an extinct genus of marine Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish that lived during the Oxfordian (stage), Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic epoch. It contains one species, ''C. dentatus'' from the Quebrada El Profeta of Chile. I ...

'' Arratia, 1982 * Suborder Crossognathoidei Taverne, 1989 ** Family Crossognathidae Woodward, 1901 psopelicidae Romer, 1966; Syllaemidae Cragin, 1901; Pelecorapidae Cragin, 1901*** '' Apsopelix'' Cope, 1871 'Helmintholepis'' Cockerell, 1919; ''Leptichthys">Helmintholepis.html" ;"title="'Helmintholepis">'Helmintholepis'' Cockerell, 1919; ''Leptichthys'' Stewart, 1899; ''Palaeoclupea'' Dante, 1942; ''Pelecorapis'' Cope, 1874; ''Syllaemus'' Cope, 1875] *** ''

Crossognathus ''Crossognathus'' is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish from the Early Cretaceous of Europe. It is the type genus of the order Crossognathiformes and the family Crossognathidae. The following species are known: * †''C. danubiensis'' ...

'' Pictet, 1858 * Suborder Pachyrhizodontoidei Forey, 1977 *** '' Buapichthys'' Medina-Castañeda, Cantalice & Castañeda-Posadas, 2025 ** Family Notelopidae Forey, 1977 *** ''

Notelops ''Notelops'' is an extinct genus of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish. References

Crossognathiformes Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera Cretaceous bony fish Early Cretaceous fish Fossils of Mexico Fossil taxa described in 1901 {{Cret ...

'' Woodward, 1901 ** Family Pachyrhizodontidae Cope, 1872 reenwoodellidae Taverne, 1973; Thrissopatrinae Boulenger, 1904b*** '' Apricenapiscis'' Taverne, 2013 *** '' Aquilopiscis'' Cumbaa & Murray, 2008 *** '' Cavinichthys'' Taverne & Capasso, 2019 *** '' Elopopsis'' Heckel, 1856 *** '' Goulmimichthys'' Cavin, 1995 *** '' Greenwoodella'' Taverne & Ross, 1973 *** '' Hemielopopsis'' Bassani, 1879 *** '' Lebrunichthys'' Taverne & Capasso, 2020 *** ''

Michin Stephanie Hym Lee (née Bell; born April 16, 1989), better known by the ring name Mia Yim, is an American professional wrestler. She is signed to WWE, where she performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Michin ( , ). Bell is also know ...

'' Alvarado-Ortega ''et al.'', 2008 *** '' Motlayoichthys'' Arratia ''et al.'', 2018 *** '' Nardopiscis'' Taverne, 2008 *** ''

Pachyrhizodus ''Pachyrhizodus'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the Late Cretaceous, Cretaceous to Paleocene in what is now Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania. Many species are known, primarily from the Cretaceous of Eng ...

'' Dixon, 1850 'Acrodontosaurus'' Mason, 1869; ''Eurychir">Acrodontosaurus.html" ;"title="'Acrodontosaurus">'Acrodontosaurus'' Mason, 1869; ''Eurychir'' Jordan, 1924; ''Oricardinus'' Cope, 1872; ''Thrissopater'' Günther, 1872 sensu Forey, 1977] *** ''Phacolepis'' Agassiz, 1841 [''

Rhacolepis ''Rhacolepis'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish from the Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil. Complete fossilised heart The heart is a muscular Organ (biology), organ found in humans and other animals. This organ pumps blood th ...

'' Agassiz, 1841 non Frenguelli, 1942] *** ''

'' Agassiz, 1835 *** '' Polcynichthys'' London & Shimada, 2020 *** ''

'' Agassiz, 1843 *** '' Stanhopeichthys'' Taverne & Capasso, 2020 *** '' Tingitanichthys'' Taverne, 1996

Timeline of genera

ImageSize = width:1500px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-145.5 till:0 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-145.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-145.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:NAM11 bar:NAM12 bar:NAM13 bar:NAM14 bar:NAM15 bar:NAM16 bar:NAM17 bar:NAM18 bar:NAM19 bar:NAM20 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:

Early Early may refer to: Places in the United States * Early, Iowa, a city * Early, Texas, a city * Early Branch, a stream in Missouri * Early County, Georgia * Fort Early, Georgia, an early 19th century fort Music * Early B, stage name of Jamaican d ...

from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:

Late Late or LATE may refer to: Everyday usage * Tardy, or late, not being on time * Late (or the late) may refer to a person who is dead Music * ''Late'' (The 77s album), 2000 * Late (Alvin Batiste album), 1993 * Late!, a pseudonym used by Dave Groh ...

from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text: Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text: Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text: Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H. bar:eratop from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:

from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

Paleogene The Paleogene Period ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma. It is the fir ...

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

Neogene The Neogene ( ,) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago. It is the second period of th ...

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q. PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM1 from:-130 till:-99.6 text:

color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM2 from:-125 till:-120.67 text: Greenwoodella color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-125 till:-112 text: Araripichthys color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-115.25 till:-112 text:

color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-112 till:-89.3 text: Plethodus color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-112 till:-70.6 text: Pachyrizodus color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-112 till:-65.5 text: Apsopelix color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8 from:-99.6 till:-93.5 text: Paranogmius color:latecretaceous bar:NAM9 from:-99.6 till:-93.5 text: Protobrama color:latecretaceous bar:NAM10 from:-99.6 till:-89.3 text: Tselfatia color:latecretaceous bar:NAM11 from:-99.6 till:-70.6 text: Elopopsis color:latecretaceous bar:NAM12 from:-93.5 till:-89.3 text: Enischorhynchus color:latecretaceous bar:NAM13 from:-89.3 till:-85.8 text: Luxilites color:latecretaceous bar:NAM14 from:-89.3 till:-85.8 text: Martinichthys color:latecretaceous bar:NAM15 from:-89.3 till:-83.5 text: Niobrara color:latecretaceous bar:NAM16 from:-89.3 till:-83.5 text: Syntengmodus color:latecretaceous bar:NAM17 from:-89.3 till:-70.6 text: Bananogmius color:latecretaceous bar:NAM18 from:-85.8 till:-83.5 text: Zanclites color:latecretaceous bar:NAM19 from:-83.5 till:-70.6 text: Moorevillia color:eocene bar:NAM20 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:

PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:

from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:

from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.

Bibliography

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1141517 Prehistoric ray-finned fish orders Oxfordian first appearances Ypresian extinctions