Croagh Patrick (), nicknamed 'the Reek', is a mountain with a height of and an important site of pilgrimage in County Mayo, Ireland. The mountain has a pyramid-shaped peak and overlooks Clew Bay, rising above the village of Murrisk, several kilometres from Westport. It has long been seen as a holy mountain. It was the focus of a prehistoric ritual landscape, and later became associated with Saint Patrick, who is said to have spent forty days fasting on the summit. There has been a church on the summit since the 5th century; the current church dates to the early 20th century. Croagh Patrick is climbed by thousands of pilgrims every year on Reek Sunday, the last Sunday in July, a custom which goes back to at least the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ...

. Croagh Patrick is the fourth-highest mountain in the province of

Connacht Connacht or Connaught ( ; or ), is the smallest of the four provinces of Ireland, situated in the west of Ireland. Until the ninth century it consisted of several independent major Gaelic kingdoms (Uí Fiachrach, Uí Briúin, Uí Maine, C ...

on the P600 listing after Mweelrea, Nephin and Barrclashcame. It is part of a longer east–west ridge; the lower westernmost peak is named Ben Goram.

Name

'Croagh Patrick' comes from the Irish ''Cruach Phádraig'' meaning "(Saint) Patrick's stack".Cruach Phádraig/Croagh Patrick
Placenames Database of Ireland. It is known locally as "the Reek", a

Hiberno-English Hiberno-English or Irish English (IrE), also formerly sometimes called Anglo-Irish, is the set of dialects of English native to the island of Ireland. In both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, English is the first language in e ...

word for a "rick" or "stack". Previously it was known as ''Cruachán Aigle'' or ''Cruach Aigle'', being mentioned by that name in medieval sources such as '' Cath Maige Tuired'', '' Buile Shuibhne'', '' The Metrical Dindshenchas'',CELT:

/ref> and the '' Annals of Ulster'' entry for the year 1113. ''Cruachán'' is simply a diminutive of ''cruach'' meaning "stack" or "peak". Aigle was an old name for the area. The '' Dindsenchas'' (lore of places) says that Aigle was a prince of Connacht who was slain by his uncle Cromderg in revenge for his slaying of a woman under Cromderg's care. It is also suggested that ''Aigle'' is an alternative form of ''aicil'', "eagle". The Marquess of Sligo, whose seat was nearby Westport House, bears the titles Baron Mount Eagle and Earl of Altamont ("high mount"), both deriving from Croagh Patrick.

Historical significance

Perhaps because of its prominence, its pyramidal quartzite peak, and the legends associated with it, Croagh Patrick has long been seen as a holy mountain.Claffey, Patrick
"A holy mountain: Croagh Patrick in myth, prehistory and history"
''The Irish Times'', 18 November 2016. Archaeologist Christiaan Corlett writes that the large number of prehistoric monuments surrounding and oriented towards Croagh Patrick "suggests that the mountain has been a local spiritual inspiration since at least the

Neolithic The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Ancient Greek, Greek 'new' and 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe and Africa (c. 10,000 BCE to c. 2,000 BCE). It saw the Neolithic Revo ...

, and during the

Bronze Age The Bronze Age () was a historical period characterised principally by the use of bronze tools and the development of complex urban societies, as well as the adoption of writing in some areas. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of ...

became the focus of an extensive ritual landscape".Corlett, Christiaan. "The Prehistoric Ritual Landscape of Croagh Patrick, Co Mayo". ''The Journal of Irish Archaeology'', Vol. 9. Wordwell, 1998. pp.9–10 A short distance east of the mountain lies the Boheh Stone, an outcrop covered with ancient rock art. There are more than 260 carvings, making it one of the most detailed pieces of ancient rock art in Ireland, and one of only two in the province of

. In 1987 it was rediscovered that, from the Boheh stone, the setting sun appears to roll down the slope of Croagh Patrick in late April and late August. It is believed the stone was chosen because of this natural phenomenon. A stone row at Killadangan is aligned with a niche in the mountain where the sun sets on the winter solstice. Archaeological surveying found remains of an enclosure encircling the mountaintop and dozens of circular huts abutting it, which showed evidence of Bronze Age date. Tírechán, a native of Connacht, wrote in the 7th century that Saint Patrick spent forty days on the mountain, like Moses on Mount Sinai. The 9th century ''Bethu Phátraic'' says that Patrick was harassed by a flock of black demonic birds while on the peak, and he banished them into the hollow of Lugnademon ("hollow of the demons") by ringing his bell. Patrick ended his fast when God gave him the right to judge all the Irish at the Last Judgement, and agreed to spare the land from the final desolation. A later legend tells how Patrick was tormented by a demonic female serpent named Corra or Caorthannach. Patrick is said to have banished the serpent into Lough Na Corra below the mountain, or into a hollow from which the lake burst forth.

Pilgrimage

Archaeologists found that there had been a stone chapel or oratory on the summit since the 5th century. There is reference to a "Teampall Phádraig" (Patrick's Temple) from AD 824, when the Archbishops of Armagh and Tuam disagreed as to who had jurisdiction on the site. A small modern chapel was built on the summit and dedicated on 20 July 1905. On the last Sunday in July, thousands of pilgrims climb Croagh Patrick in honour of Saint Patrick, and masses are held at the summit chapel. Some pilgrims climb the mountain barefoot, as an act of penance. Traditionally, pilgrims would perform ' rounding rituals', in which they pray while walking sunwise around features on the mountain. Among these are a group of three ancient

cairn A cairn is a human-made pile (or stack) of stones raised for a purpose, usually as a marker or as a burial mound. The word ''cairn'' comes from the (plural ). Cairns have been and are used for a broad variety of purposes. In prehistory, t ...

s known as Reilig Mhuire (Mary's graveyard), which are likely Bronze Age burial cairns. Folklorist Máire MacNeill conjectured that the pilgrimage pre-dates Christianity and was originally a ritual associated with the festival of Lughnasadh. Today, most pilgrims climb Croagh Patrick from the direction of Murrisk Abbey to the north. Originally, most pilgrims climbed the mountain from the east, following the Togher Patrick (''Tochár Phádraig'') pilgrim path from Ballintubber Abbey. This route is dotted with prehistoric monuments, including the Boheh stone. Until 1970, it was traditional for pilgrims to climb the mountain after sunset. It is possible that this came from a pre-historic tradition of climbing the mountain after viewing the 'rolling sun' phenomenon. The ''Tochár Phádraig'' may have originally been the main route from Cruachan (seat of the Kings of Connacht) to Cruachan Aigle, the original name of Croagh Patrick. The ''Tochar Phadraig'' was revived and reopened as a cross-country pilgrimage tourist trail by Pilgrim Paths of Ireland; the 30-kilometre route takes about ten hours. Local people and organisations point out that the large number of climbers – as many as 40,000 per year – have damaged the mountain by causing erosion which makes the climb more dangerous. Local stakeholders have made efforts to combat the erosion caused by foot traffic through the creation of a stone path up the mountain, composed of stone from Croagh Patrick and assembled in a dry stone manner.

Gold discovery

A seam of

gold Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal ...

was discovered in the core of the mountain in the 1980s. Due to local resistance by the Mayo Environmental Group, headed by Paddy Hopkins, Mayo County Council decided not to allow

mining Mining is the Resource extraction, extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agriculture, agricultural processes, or feasib ...

on Croagh Patrick. The name of the Owenwee River (''Abhainn Bhuí'', yellow river) on the south of the mountain may indicate an ancient awareness of gold deposits in the area and gold panning in the river.Corlett, p.18

Gallery

Image:Croagh_Patrick_in_2002.jpg, Distant view of mountain from Westport File:Rules of the Reek - geograph.org.uk - 718448.jpg, Notice at base about Stations for Catholic climbers, with statue of Saint Patrick File:Croagh Patrick - geograph.org.uk - 1773515.jpg, Pilgrims climbing the mountain (2007) File:St. Patrick's bed - geograph.org.uk - 967910.jpg, St. Patrick's Bed at the summit File:The summit cairn - geograph.org.uk - 1035087.jpg, Cairn near summit with view of Clew Bay and Mayo mountains Image:Toilets on Croagh Patrick, Co Mayo, Ireland.jpg, Toilets on the mountain in 1993 (The Sheeffry Hills in the background)

Bibliography

* *

References

External links

About Croagh Patrick

''Teach na Miasa'' Croagh Patrick Visitor Centre

The Second Pilgrim Station on the summit of Croagh Patrick
{{Authority control Hewitts of Ireland Marilyns of Ireland Mountains and hills of County Mayo Roman Catholic pilgrimage sites in Ireland Irish folklore Tourist attractions in County Mayo Archaeological sites in County Mayo Saint Patrick Mountains under 1000 metres Pilgrimage routes Sacred mountains of Ireland