The crested guan (''Penelope purpurascens'') is a

Near Threatened A near-threatened species is a species which has been Conservation status, categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as that may be vulnerable to Endangered species, endangerment in the ne ...

species in an ancient group of

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class (biology), class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the Oviparity, laying of Eggshell, hard-shelled eggs, a high Metabolism, metabolic rate, a fou ...

s of the family

Cracidae The chachalacas, guans, and curassows are birds in the Family (biology), family Cracidae. These are species of tropical and subtropical Central America, Central and South America. The range of one species, the plain chachalaca, just reaches south ...

, which are related to the

Australasia Australasia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising Australia, New Zealand (overlapping with Polynesia), and sometimes including New Guinea and surrounding islands (overlapping with Melanesia). The term is used in a number of different context ...

megapode The megapodes, also known as incubator birds or mound-builders, are stocky, medium-large, chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet in the family Megapodiidae. Their name literally means "large foot" and is a reference to the heavy leg ...

s or mound builders (Megapodiidae). It is found from central

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

through

Central America Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Central America is usually ...

and in

Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ...

Ecuador Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contain ...

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

, and

Venezuela Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It com ...

.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 4 March 2024. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved March 5, 2024

Taxonomy and systematics

The crested guan has three subspecies, the

nominate Nomination is part of the process of selecting a candidate for either election to a public office, or the bestowing of an honor or award. A collection of nominees narrowed from the full list of candidates is a short list. Political office In th ...

''P. p. purpurascens'' ( Wagler, 1830), ''P. p. aequatorialis'' ( Salvadori & Festa, 1900), and ''P. p. brunnescens'' (

Hellmayr Carl Eduard Hellmayr (29 January 1878 – 24 February 1944) was an Austrian ornithologist. Biography Hellmayr was born in Vienna and studied at the University of Vienna, although he did not complete his degree. After his studies he worked in Vie ...

Conover Conover may refer to: People * Conover (surname) Places in the United States * Conover, Iowa, a ghost town * Conover, North Carolina, a city * Conover, Ohio, an unincorporated community * Conover, Wisconsin, a town * Conover (community), Wis ...

, 1932).

Description

The crested guan is long and weighs about . Among standard measurements, its wing chord is , its

tail The tail is the elongated section at the rear end of a bilaterian animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage extending backwards from the midline of the torso. In vertebrate animals that evolution, evolved to los ...

is , and its tarsus is . It is similar in general appearance to a

turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

, with a small head, long strong legs, and a long broad tail. The sexes are similar. Adults of the nominate subspecies are mostly dusky olive brown and have a faint greenish or purplish iridescence. Their belly and crissum are chestnut and the breast and belly feathers have white edges. Their throat has some bristles and its loose skin dangles as a small red

wattle Wattle or wattles may refer to: Plants *''Acacia sensu lato'', polyphyletic genus of plants commonly known as wattle, especially in Australian English **''Acacia'' ***Black wattle, common name for several species of acacia ***Golden wattle, ''A ...

. Juveniles resemble adults but overall mottled with blackish brown and with a rufous brown wash on the wing and tail feathers. Both sexes have a red iris, a blackish bill, slaty black bare skin on their face, and red legs and feet. Subspecies ''P. p. aequatorialis'' is similar to the nominate, but smaller and more

rufescent Rufous () is a color that may be described as reddish-brown or brownish-red, as of rust or oxidised iron. The first recorded use of ''rufous'' as a color name in English was in 1782. However, the color is also recorded earlier in 1527 as a dia ...

. Subspecies ''P. p. brunnescens'' is more rufescent than the nominate but less so than ''aequatorialis''.Gilbert, K. and T. S. Schulenberg (2020). Crested Guan (''Penelope purpurascens''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.cregua1.01 retrieved April 6, 2024

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of the crested guan is the northernmost. It is found in Mexico from

Sinaloa Sinaloa (), officially the (), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, compose the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities, and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales. It is located in northwest Mexic ...

in the west and southern

Tamaulipas Tamaulipas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas, is a state in Mexico; one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 43 municipalities. It is located in nor ...

in the east and south along the Pacific and Caribbean slopes through Belize and Guatemala into El Salvador and Honduras. Subspecies ''P. p. aequatorialis'' is found across much of Nicaragua and south through Costa Rica, Panama, western Colombia, and western Ecuador into far northwestern Peru. Subspecies ''P. p. brunnescens'' is found in the

Serranía del Perijá The Serranía del Perijá, Cordillera de Perijá or Sierra de Perijá is a mountain range, an extension of the eastern Andean branch ( Cordillera Oriental), in northern South America, between Colombia and Venezuela, ending further north in the ...

where northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela meet, east around

Lake Maracaibo Lake Maracaibo () is located in northwestern Venezuela, between the states of Zulia, Trujillo, and Mérida. While Maracaibo is commonly referred to as a lake, its current hydrological characteristics may better classify it as estuary and/or ...

, and also in the

Venezuelan Coastal Range The Venezuelan Coastal Range ( or ), also known as Venezuelan Caribbean Mountain System (), is a mountain range system and one of the eight natural regions of Venezuela, that runs along the central and eastern portions of Venezuela's northern coa ...

s intermittenly from

Falcón Falcón State (, ) is one of the 23 States of Venezuela, states of Venezuela. The state capital is Coro, Venezuela, Coro. The state was named after Juan Crisóstomo Falcón. History Early history Present day Falcón State was first explored ...

Delta Amacuro Delta Amacuro State (, ) is one of the 23 States of Venezuela, states of Venezuela, and is the location of the Orinoco Delta. The Paria Gulf and the Atlantic Ocean are found to the north, Bolívar State (Venezuela), Bolívar State is found to th ...

. The crested guan inhabits a variety of forested landscapes including tropical and subtropical

evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has Leaf, foliage that remains green and functional throughout the year. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which lose their foliage completely during the winter or dry season. Consisting of many diffe ...

and

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed Leaf, leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...

forest,

cloudforest A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, ...

gallery forest A gallery forest is one formed as a corridor along rivers or wetlands, projecting into landscapes that are otherwise only sparsely treed such as savannas, grasslands, or deserts. The gallery forest maintains a more temperate microclimate above th ...

, and evergreen

montane forest Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects the ecosystem because temperatures lapse rate, fall as elevation increases, causing the ecosystem to stratify. This stratification is ...

. Most are semi-humid to humid though it occurs locally in drier forest as well. In elevation it is found from sea level to in northern Central America, to in Costa Rica, to in Colombia and Ecuador, to in Peru, and to in Venezuela.

Behavior

Movement

The crested guan is a year-round resident throughout its range.

Feeding

The crested guan is generally considered to feed on fruit, usually high in the canopy where it takes it directly from the tree, though it will feed at any level including on the ground. It is usually in pairs or loose flocks that quickly and agiley move from limb to limb by jumps and short flights. However, a study on

Barro Colorado Island Barro Colorado Island is located in the man-made Gatun Lake in the middle of the Panama Canal. The island was formed when the waters of the Chagres River were dammed to form the lake in 1913. When the waters rose, they covered a significant part ...

in Panama found that a high percentage of its diet there was young leaves, with insects also making a significant contribution.

Breeding

The crested guan is monogamous. Its breeding season in Costa Rica spans from March to June but is not defined elsewhere. Its nest is a bulky platform of twigs and leaves constructed high in a tree. Its usual clutch size is believed to be two eggs. In captivity its incubation period is about 26 days. Its incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care in the wild are not known.

Vocal and non-vocal sounds

The crested guan's dawn song is a "powerful 'steam-whistle' call, ending in a low growl: ''ku LEEErrr!''". It also makes "a loud, honking ''quonk''" and in alarm a series of "extraordinarily loud, honking squawks, ''quonk, quonk, quonk, rrrrrrrrr''". Other vocalizations include "a loud, far-carrying, honking ''WOK!-WOK!-WOK!-WOK!-WOK!-WOOAK!-WOOAK!-WOOK!...''; a piping ''POK!-POK!-POK!...''; and a low, nasal, grunting ''aahhnk-aahhnk''". In the breeding season, at or near dawn males make a display flight during which they drum or whirr their wings.

Status

The

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status ...

originally in 2004 assessed the crested guan as being of Least concern but in 2021 uplisted it to Near Threatened. It has a large range; its estimated population of between 50,000 and 500,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. "The species is threatened by the loss and fragmentation of its forest habitat, mainly for conversion to agricultural land and cattle pastures. Moreover, the species is hunted heavily throughout its range, particularly in Central America." Mexican authorities consider it Threatened.SEMARNAT. 2010. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT -2010, Protección ambiental - Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. Diario Oficial de la Federación, jueves 30 de diciembre de 2010. México, D.F. It is considered uncommon in northern Central America, fairly common in protected areas in Costa Rica, uncommon in Colombia, rare and local in Ecuador, "apparently rare" in Peru, and uncommon and local in Venezuela.

References

External links

* (for

) shows Range Map at bird-stamps.org * {{Taxonbar, from=Q848140 Penelope (genus) Guans (bird) Birds of Central America Birds of Colombia Birds of Ecuador Birds of Mexico Birds of the Sierra Madre Oriental Birds of Venezuela Birds described in 1830 Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler