The crested goshawk (''Accipiter trivirgatus'') is a bird of prey from

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...

. It is related to other diurnal raptors such as

eagle Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related. Most of the 68 species of eagle are from Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, j ...

s, buzzards (or buteos) and

harrier Harrier may refer to: Animals * Harrier (bird), several species of birds * Harrier (dog) Media * Harrier Comics, a defunct British publisher * Space Harrier, a video game series Military * Harrier jump jet, an overview of the Harrier family: ...

s, and thus placed in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Accipitridae.Grimmett ''et al.'' (1999) Crested Goshawk

Description

This raptor has short broad wings and a long tail, both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees. It is 30–46 cm in length, with the female much larger than the male. The larger size and a short crest, clearly visible in profile, are the best distinctions from its relative, the besra (''A. virgatus''). The male has a dark brown crown, grey head sides and black moustachial and throat stripes. The pale underparts are patterned with rufous streaks on the breast and bars on the belly. The larger female has a browner head and brown underpart streaks and bars. The juvenile has pale fringes to its head feathers, and the underpart background colour is buff rather than white. The flight is a characteristic "slow flap, slow flap, straight glide", similar to other ''Accipiter'' species such as the

northern goshawk The northern goshawk (; ''Accipiter gentilis'') is a species of medium-large raptor in the family Accipitridae, a family which also includes other extant diurnal raptors, such as eagles, buzzards and harriers. As a species in the genus '' Acci ...

(''A. gentilis'').

Range and ecology

The crested goshawk breeds in southern

, from

India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...

and

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

to southern China,

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northe ...

, and the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

. It is primarily a lowland bird, and an all-year resident. Even in upland

habitat In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...

it is resident in winter, for example in the

Himalaya The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 10 ...

foothills Foothills or piedmont are geographically defined as gradual increases in elevation at the base of a mountain range, higher hill range or an upland area. They are a transition zone between plains and low relief hills and the adjacent topographi ...

Bhutan Bhutan (; dz, འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, Druk Yul ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountai ...

or in

Sal Sal, SAL, or S.A.L. may refer to: Personal name * Sal (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or nickname Places * Sal, Cape Verde, an island and municipality * Sal, Iran, a village in East Azerbaijan Province * Ca ...

(''Shorea robusta'') forest in

's Dehradun district. In these lands at the northern end of its range, it is generally very rare however. Essentially it is limited to

and warm subtropical areas. In Malaysia and Singapore there is increasing evidence of this species adapting to life in urban centres. Like its relatives, this secretive forest bird hunts

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

s, mammals and reptiles in woodland, relying on surprise as it flies from a perch to catch its prey unaware. It builds a stick nest in a tree and lays two or three eggs. The

ischnocera The Ischnocera is a large superfamily of lice. They are mostly parasitic on birds, but including a large family (the Trichodectidae) parasitic on mammals. The genus '' Trichophilopterus'' is also found on mammals (lemurs), but probably belongs ...

louse Louse ( : lice) is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera has variously been recognized as an order, infraorder, or a parvorder, as a result ...

'' Degeeriella storeri'' is a

parasite Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted structurally to this way of lif ...

of this bird; it is not yet known from any other host

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

. On the other hand, '' Kurodaia fulvofasciata'', an amblyceran louse parasitizing the crested goshawk, is widely found on birds of prey throughout the Holarctic. In

Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta i ...

, ''A. trivirgatus'' is a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. It can be found in Kam Shan Country Park.

Taxonomy

The crested goshawk includes the following recognized subspecies:Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2. * ''A. t. indicus'' (Hodgson, 1836) * ''A. t. formosae'' - Mayr, 1949 * ''A. t. peninsulae'' - Koelz, 1949 * ''A. t. layardi'' (Whistler, 1936) * ''A. t. trivirgatus'' (Temminck, 1824) * ''A. t. niasensis'' - Mayr, 1949 * ''A. t. javanicus'' - Mayr, 1949 * ''A. t. microstictus'' - Mayr, 1949 * ''A. t. palawanus'' - Mayr, 1949 * ''A. t. castroi'' - Manuel & Gilliard, 1952 * ''A. t. extimus'' - Mayr, 1945

Footnotes

References

* Dalgleish, R.C. (ed.) (2003): Birds and their associated Chewing Lice
Accipitridae
Version of 2003-AUG-30. Retrieved 2009-JUN-23. * Elbel, Robert E. & Price, Roger D. (1973): Three new Oriental and New Guinean ''Degeeriella'' (Mallophaga: Philopteridae). ''Pacific Insects'' 15(1) : 95-101
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* Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): ''Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives''. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. * Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim & Sherub (2000): The ornithological importance of Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan. '' Forktail'' 14: 147–162
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* Singh, A.P. (2002): New and significant records from Dehra Dun valley, lower Garhwal Himalayas, India. '' Forktail'' 18: 151–153
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*Shepherd, C. R. (2018). Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus may adapt well to life in urban areas across its range in Asia. ''BirdingASIA'' 29: 34–35. {{Taxonbar, from=Q795570 crested goshawk crested goshawk Birds of Hainan Birds of South Asia Birds of Southeast Asia Birds of Taiwan crested goshawk