Crepidula Nivea

''Crepidula'', commonly known as the slipper snails, slipper limpets, or slipper shells, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae. This family includes the slipper snails (''Crepidula''), hat snails ('' Calyptraea''), spiny slipper snails ('' Bostrycapulus''), and cup-and-saucer snails ('' Crucibulum'') as well as ''Crepipatella'', ''Siphopatella'', ''Grandicrepidula'', and '' Maoricrypta''.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). Crepidula Lamarck, 1799. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137722 on 2011-05-21

These recent changes in the definition of ''Crepidula'' are based on both DNA sequence data as well as anatomical work. Dissections of various calyptraeids show that species that are now placed in ''Grandicrepidula'' and ''Maoricrypta'' are anatomically very different from the true ''Crepidula''. If only the shells are examined this difference is not apparent. This distinction is supported by DNA sequence data from 3 genes (COI, 16S and 28S).

The genus ''Crepidula'' is probably the best studied group within the calyptraeids. A variety of species are commonly used in developmental, ecological, and behavioral research. They have been the major focus of research on protandrous sex-change in marine invertebrates and have been used to demonstrate that sex change is environmentally mediated (the timing of sex change depends on association with other individual snails). '' Crepidula fornicata'' and ''Crepidula onyx'' are well-studied examples of invasive, exotic species in marine habitats.

Due to their simple shells and plastic morphology, calyptraeid taxonomy is challenging. In many cases distinct species with similar-looking shells have been lumped into a single species with either global or unusual distributions. In these cases close examination of the mode of development or of DNA data is vital to verify the species identity. Because such taxonomic lumping is difficult to clear from the internet or from the literature many species range estimates available on the internet include dubious data or data from species that have been taken out of synonymy.

Species

Species within the genus ''Crepidula'' include:

* '' Crepidula adunca'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825
* '' Crepidula aeola'' Dall, 1927
* '' Crepidula aplysioides'' Reeve, 1859Rosenberg, G. (2010). ''Crepidula aplysioides'' Reeve, 1859. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532682 on 2011-01-11
* ''Crepidula arenata'' Broderip, 1834
* ''Crepidula argentina'' Simone, Pastorino & Penchaszadeh, 2000
* ''Crepidula atrasolea'' Collin, 2000
* ''Crepidula badisparsa'' Collin, 2005
* ''Crepidula cachimilla'' Cledon, Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2004
* ''Crepidula carioca'' Simone, 2006
* ''Crepidula cerithicola'' (C.B.Adams, 1852)
* ''Crepidula complanata'' Krauss, 1848
* ''Crepidula convexa'' Say, 1822 - synonym: ''Crepidula glauca''
* '' Crepidula coquimbensis'' Brown & Olivares, 1996
* '' Crepidula cymbaeformis'' Conrad, 1844
* ''Crepidula depressa'' Say, 1822
* '' Crepidula derjugini'' Golikov & Kussakin, 1962
* '' Crepidula excavata'' Broderip, 1834
* '' Crepidula fimbriata'' Reeve, 1859
* '' Crepidula fornicata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common slipper shell, common Atlantic slippersnail, boat shell, quarterdeck shell.
* '' Crepidula glottidiarum'' Dall, 1905
* ''Crepidula goreensis'' Gmelin, 1791
* '' Crepidula huertae'' Collin, 2019
* '' Crepidula incurva'' (Broderip, 1834)
* '' Crepidula intratesta'' Simone, 2006
* '' Crepidula lessonii'' (Broderip, 1834)
* '' Crepidula maculosa'' Conrad, 1846
* '' Crepidula margarita'' Simone, 2006
* '' Crepidula marginalis'' Broderip, 1834
* '' Crepidula moulinsii'' Michaud, 1829
* '' Crepidula naticarum'' Williamson, 1905
* '' Crepidula navicella'' (Lesson, 1831)
* '' Crepidula navicula'' (Mörch, 1877)
* '' Crepidula nivea'' C.B. Adams, 1852
* '' Crepidula norrisiarum'' Williamson, 1905
* '' Crepidula nummaria'' Gould, 1846
* ''Crepidula onyx'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1824 - onyx slippersnail
* '' Crepidula perforans'' Valenciennes, 1846
* ''Crepidula philippiana'' Gallardo, 1977
* ''Crepidula plana'' Say, 1822
* ''Crepidula porcellana'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* '' Crepidula protea'' (d'Orbigny, 1841)
* ''Crepidula pyguaia'' Simone, 2006
* ''Crepidula rostrata'' C. B. Adams, 1852
* ''Crepidula striolata'' Menke, 1851
* ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula ustulatulina'' Collin, 2002
* ''Crepidula williamsi'' Coe, 1947
* ''Crepidula wolfae'' Collin, 2019

;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791) sensu Zenetos et al.2004: synonym of ''Bostrycapulus odites'' Collin, 2005
* ''Crepidula acuta'' H. C. Lea, 1842: synonym of ''Crepidula convexa'' Say, 1822
* ''Crepidula adspersa'' Dunker, 1846: synonym of ''Crepidula porcellana'' Lamarck, 1801
* ''Crepidula bilobata'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Crepidula lingulata'' Gould, 1846: synonym of ''Crepipatella lingulata'' (Gould, 1846)
* ''Crepidula calceolina'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula californica'' Tryon, 1886: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Crepidula calyptraeiformis'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Bostrycapulus calyptraeiformis'' (Deshayes, 1830)
* ''Crepidula candida'' Risso, 1826: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula capensis'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1835: synonym of ''Crepipatella capensis'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835)
* ''Crepidula cataldi'' Parenzan, 1970: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula coei'' Berry, 1950: synonym of ''Crepidula naticarum'' Williamson, 1905
* ''Crepidula contorta'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of ''Maoricrypta monoxyla'' (Lesson, 1830)
* ''Crepidula costata'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1824: synonym of ''Maoricrypta costata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824)
* ''Crepidula costata'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Maoricrypta costata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824)
* ''Crepidula costulata'' Dunker, 1852: synonym of ''Crepidula incurva'' (Broderip, 1834)
* ''Crepidula crepidula'' (Linnaeus, 1767): synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula depressa'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Crepidula dilatata'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Crepipatella dilatata'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Crepidula deshayesii'' de Folin, 1867: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula desmoulinsi'' Locard, 1886: synonym of ''Crepidula moulinsii'' Michaud, 1829
* ''Crepidula dilatata'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Crepipatella dilatata'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Crepidula dorsata'' (Broderip, 1834): synonym of ''Crepipatella dorsata'' (Broderip, 1834)
* ''Crepidula excisa'' Philippi, 1849: synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Crepidula explanata'' Gould, 1853: synonym of ''Crepidula perforans'' (Valenciennes, 1846)
* ''Crepidula exuviata'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Crepidula perforans'' (Valenciennes, 1846)
* ''Crepidula fasciata'' de Roissy, 1805: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula fecunda'' Gallardo, 1979: synonym of ''Crepipatella peruviana'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Crepidula fissurata'' G. B. Sowerby II, 1883: synonym of ''Crepipatella lingulata'' (Gould, 1846)
* ''Crepidula foliacea'' Broderip, 1834: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Crepidula gibbosa'' Defrance, 1818: synonym of '' Crepidula moulinsii'' Michaud, 1829
* ''Crepidula glauca'' Say, 1822: synonym of ''Crepidula convexa'' Say, 1822
* ''Crepidula grandis'' Middendorff, 1849: synonym of ''Grandicrepidula grandis'' (Middendorff, 1849)
* ''Crepidula gravispinosa'' Kuroda & Habe, 1950: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Crepidula hochstetteriana'' Wilkens, 1922 : synonym of † ''Maoricrypta radiata'' (Hutton, 1873)
* ''Crepidula immersa'' Angas, 1865: synonym of ''Maoricrypta immersa'' (Angas, 1865)
* ''Crepidula incurva'' Zittel, 1864: synonym of † ''Crepidula wilckensi'' Finlay, 1924 : synonym of Maoricrypta radiata (Hutton, 1873) †
* ''Crepidula italica'' Defrance, 1818: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula lamina'' H. C. Lea, 1843: synonym of ''Crepidula plana'' Say, 1822
* ''Crepidula lingulata'' Gould, 1846: synonym of ''Crepipatella lingulata'' (Gould, 1846)
* ''Crepidula lirata'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Crepidula incurva'' (Broderip, 1834)
* ''Crepidula maculata'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym for ''Sigapatella novaezelandiae''.
* ''Crepidula minuta'' Middendorff, 1849: synonym of ''Crepidula nummaria'' Gould, 1846
* ''Crepidula monoxyla'' (Lesson, 1831): synonym of ''Maoricrypta monoxyla'' (Lesson, 1830)
* ''Crepidula nautiloides'' Lesson, 1832: synonym of ''Crepipatella dilatata'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Crepidula navicelloides'' Carpenter, 1864: synonym of ''Crepidula nummaria'' Gould, 1846
* ''Crepidula nebulata'' Mabille, 1895: synonym of ''Crepidula nivea'' C. B. Adams, 1852
* ''Crepidula orbella'' Yokoyama, 1920: synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Crepidula orbiculata'' Dall, 1919: synonym of ''Crepipatella orbiculata'' (Dall, 1919)
* ''Crepidula osculans'' C. B. Adams, 1852: synonym of ''Phenacolepas osculans'' (C. B. Adams, 1852)
* ''Crepidula pallida'' (Broderip, 1834): synonym of ''Calyptraea pallida'' Broderip, 1834
* ''Crepidula patagonica'' d'Orbigny, 1841: synonym of ''Crepipatella patagonica'' (d'Orbigny, 1841)
* ''Crepidula patula'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Crepipatella peruviana'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Crepidula peruviana'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Crepipatella peruviana'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Crepidula plana'' (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850): synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Crepidula pulchella'' Aradas, 1846: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula rhyssema'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of ''Crepidula plana'' Say, 1822
* ''Crepidula riisei'' Dunker, 1852: synonym of ''Crepidula fornicata'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Crepidula rostriformis'' Gould, 1846: synonym of ''Crepidula adunca'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825
* ''Crepidula rugosa'' Carpenter, 1856: synonym of ''Crepidula onyx'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1824
* ''Crepidula rugulosa'' Dunker, 1846: synonym of ''Crepipatella capensis'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835)
* ''Crepidula sandaliformis'' de Serres, 1830: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula sandalina'' Deshayes, 1833: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula scabies'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Crepidula sinuosa'' Turton, 1825: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822
* ''Crepidula solida'' Hinds, 1844: synonym of ''Crepidula adunca'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825
* ''Crepidula squama'' (Broderip, 1834): synonym of ''Crepidula striolata'' Menke, 1851
* ''Crepidula strigellata'' Dunker, 1853: synonym of ''Crepidula striolata'' Menke, 1851
* ''Crepidula sulin'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of ''Crepidula porcellana'' Lamarck, 1801
* ''Crepidula tomentosa'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Crepidula uncata'' Menke, 1847: synonym of ''Crepidula adunca'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825
* ''Crepidula uncinata'' Philippi, 1887: synonym of ''Crepidula dilatata'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Crepipatella dilatata'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Crepidula virginica'' Conrad, 1871: synonym of ''Crepidula fornicata'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Crepidula walshi'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859)
* † ''Crepidula wilckensi'' Finlay, 1924: synonym of † ''Maoricrypta radiata'' (Hutton, 1873)
* ''Crepidula youngi'' (Powell, 1940): synonym of ''Maoricrypta youngi'' Powell, 1940

Species that were previously placed in the genus ''Crepidula'' but have subsequently been removed from the genus on the basis of work by Bruce Marshall of the Te Papa Museum and Rachel Collin of the Smithsonian Institution include the following:

Now ''Maoricrypta'':
* ''Crepidula costata'' is a synonym for ''Maoricrypta costata'' - ribbed slipper shell
* ''Crepidula youngi'' (Powell, 1940)
* ''Crepidula wilckensi'' Finlay, 1924
* ''Crepidula immersa'' G. F. Angas, 1867

Now ''Grandicrepidula'':
* ''Crepidula grandis'' Middendorff, 1849:Gofas, S. (2010). ''Crepidula grandis'' Middendorff, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=254469 on 2011-01-12 synonym of ''Grandicrepidula grandis'' (Middendorff, 1849)
*''Grandicrepidula collinae'' Marshall

Now ''Siphopatella'':
* ''Crepidula walshi'' L. A. Reeve, 1859

Synonyms:
*'' Crepidula maculata'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791)

Ecology

Like all calyptraeids, slipper snails are sedentary filter-feeders. Adults use their large gill to capture microalgae from suspension, but there is some evidence that small juveniles can also use the radula to scrape algae from the Substrate (biology), substrate.

Introduced and invasive ''Crepidula'' species

'' Crepidula fornicata'' - Native to the east coast of North America and ranging from Florida north into Canada. This species is now widespread and considered highly invasive along the north coast of Spain and France, along much of England's coastline and into the North Sea. It has also been reported from San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound and the Mediterranean Sea.

''Crepidula convexa'' - Native to the east coast of North America and ranging from South Carolina to New England. This species has been reported from Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay.

''Crepidula onyx'' - Native to the Southern coast of California and northern Pacific coast of Mexico. This species is now widespread and considered highly invasive in Asia. It has been reported from Korea, Japan and Hong Kong.

References

*Collin, R. 2003. The Utility of Morphological Characters in Gastropod Phylogenetics: An Example From the Calyptraeidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4: 541–593
*Collin, R. 2003. Phylogenetic Relationships Among Calyptraeid Gastropods and Their Implications for the Biogeography of Marine Speciation. Systematic Biology, 5: 618–640.
*Collin, R. 2002. Another Last Word on Crepidula Convexa With a Description of C. Ustulatulina N. Sp. (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) From the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 1: 177–184.
*Collin, R. 2000. Phylogeny of the Crepidula plana (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) cryptic species complex in North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78: 1500–1514.
* Hoagland, K.E. 1977. ''Systematic review of fossil and recent Crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the Calyptraeidae''. Malacologia 16(2): 353-420
* Vaught, K.C. (1989). ''A classification of the living Mollusca''. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp. (
* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification''. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213

External links

Hoagland K.E. 1983. Notes on type specimens of Crepidula (Prosobranchia: Calyptraeidae) in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 135: 1–8


pfds on calyptraeid taxonomy

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Calyptraeidae
Gastropod genera
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck