Cowberry

''Vaccinium vitis-idaea'' is a small evergreen shrub in the heath family, Ericaceae. It is known colloquially as the lingonberry, partridgeberry, foxberry, mountain cranberry, or cowberry. It is native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Commercially cultivated in the United States Pacific Northwest and the Netherlands, the edible berries are also picked in the wild and used in various dishes, especially in Nordic cuisine.

Description

''Vaccinium vitis-idaea'' spreads by underground stems to form dense clonal colonies. Slender and brittle roots grow from the underground stems. The stems are rounded in cross-section and grow from in height. Leaves grow alternately and are oval, long, with a slightly wavy margin, and sometimes with a notched tip.

The flowers are bell-shaped, white to pale pink, long. ''V. vitis-idaea'' begins to produce flowers from five to ten years of age. They are pollinated by multiple insect species, including '' Andrena lapponica'' and several species of bumblebee.

The fruit is a red berry across, with an acidic taste, ripening in late summer to autumn.Flora of North America
''Vaccinium vitis-idaea''
/ref> While bitter early in the season, they sweeten if left on the branch through winter. Cytology is 2n = 24. Its fruit persists for an average of 13.4 days, and bears an average of 11.2 seeds per fruit. Fruits average 84.9% water, and their dry weight includes 15.4% carbohydrates and 1.5% lipids.

Image:Vaccinium vitis-idaea L..jpg, 19th-century illustration
File:Vaccinium vitis-idaea (flowering).jpg, Flowers
Image:Vaccinium vitisidaea flower.jpg, Flowers and young shoots
File:Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Empetrum nigrum 20230823.jpg, ''V. vitis-idaea'' and '' Empetrum nigrum'' in Denali National Park
File:Tyttebær.jpg, Ripe lingonberries

Related species

''Vaccinium vitis-idaea'' differs from the related cranberries in having white flowers with petals partially enclosing the stamens and stigma, rather than pink flowers with petals reflexed backwards, and rounder, less pear-shaped berries. ''Vaccinium oxycoccos'' is similar.

Hybrids between ''Vaccinium vitis-idaea'' and '' V. myrtillus'', named ''Vaccinium × intermedium'' Ruthe, are occasionally found in Europe.

Taxonomy

Varieties

There are two regional varieties or subspecies of ''V. vitis-idaea'', one in Eurasia and one in North America, differing in leaf size:
* ''V. vitis-idaea'' var. ''vitis-idaea'' L.— syn. ''V. vitis-idaea'' subsp. ''vitis-idaea''.
''cowberry''. Eurasia. Leaves are long.
* ''V. vitis-idaea'' var. ''minus'' Lodd.—syn. ''V. vitis-idaea'' subsp. ''minus'' (Lodd.) Hultén.
''lingonberry''. North America. Leaves are long.

Etymology

''Vaccinium vitis-idaea'' is most commonly known in English as 'lingonberry' or 'cowberry'.Gray's Manual of Botany: Asa Gray The name 'lingonberry' originates from the Swedish name () for the species deriving from Old Norse ''lyngr'', a cognate (thus also a doublet) to ' ling'.

The genus name ''Vaccinium'' is a classical Latin name for a plant, possibly the bilberry or hyacinth, and may be derived from the Latin , 'berry'. The specific name is derived from Latin ('vine') and , the feminine form of (literally 'from Mount Ida', used in reference to raspberries ''Rubus idaeus'').

Worldwide, ''Vaccinium vitis-idaea'' is known by at least 25 other common English names, including:

* bearberry
* beaverberry
* cougarberry
* foxberry
* lowbush cranberry
* mountain bilberry
* mountain cranberry
* partridgeberry (in Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island)
* quailberry
* red whortleberry
* redberry (in Labrador and the Lower North Shore of Quebec)

Distribution and habitat

It is native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throughout the Northern Hemisphere, including Eurasia and North America.

Ecology

''Vaccinium vitis-idaea'' keeps its leaves all winter even in the coldest years, unusual for a broad-leaved plant, though in its natural habitat it is usually protected from severe cold by snow cover. It is extremely hardy, tolerating temperatures as low as −50 °F (−45 °C) or lower, but grows poorly where summers are hot. It prefers some shade (as from a forest canopy) and constantly moist, acidic soil. Nutrient-poor soils are tolerated but not alkaline soils.

Conservation

The plant is endangered in Michigan. The ''minus'' subspecies is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut.

Cultivation

Lingonberry has been commercially cultivated in the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Poland, the USA and Latvia since the 1960s.

Some cultivars are grown for their ornamental rather than culinary value. In the United Kingdom, the Koralle Group has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Uses

Culinary

Raw lingonberries are 86% water, 13% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contain negligible fat. In a reference amount, lingonberries supply 54 kcal, and are low-to-moderate sources of vitamin C, B vitamins, and dietary minerals.

The berries collected in the wild are a popular fruit in northern, central and eastern Europe, notably in the Nordic countries, the Baltic states, central and northern Europe. In some areas, they can be picked legally on both public and private lands in accordance with the freedom to roam.

The berries are quite tart, so they are often cooked and sweetened before eating in the form of lingonberry jam, compote, juice, smoothie or syrup. The raw fruits are also frequently simply mashed with sugar, which preserves most of their nutrients and taste. This mix can be stored at room temperature in closed but not necessarily sealed containers, but in this condition, they are best preserved frozen. Fruit served this way or as compote often accompanies game and liver dishes.

In Sweden the traditional Swedish meatballs are served with lingonberry jam alongside boiled or mashed potatoes and gravy sauce. In Sweden, Finland and Norway, reindeer and elk steaks are traditionally served with gravy and lingonberry sauce. Preserved fruit is commonly eaten with meatballs, as well as potato pancakes. A traditional Swedish dessert is (literally 'lingonberry pears'), consisting of fresh pears which are peeled, boiled and preserved in ( lingonberry juice) and is commonly eaten during Christmas. This was very common in old times, because it was an easy and tasty way to preserve pears. In Sweden and Russia, when sugar was still a luxury item, the berries were usually preserved simply by putting them whole into bottles of water. This was known as (watered lingonberries); the procedure preserved them until next season. This was also a home remedy against scurvy.

This traditional Russian soft drink, known as " lingonberry water", is mentioned by Alexander Pushkin in ''Eugene Onegin''. In Russian folk medicine, lingonberry water was used as a mild laxative. A traditional Finnish dish is sautéed reindeer () with mashed potatoes and lingonberries on the side, either raw, thawed or as a jam. In Finland, whipped semolina pudding flavored with lingonberry () is also popular. In Poland, the berries are often mixed with pears to create a sauce served with poultry or game. The berries can also be used to replace redcurrants when creating Cumberland sauce.

The berries are also popular as a wild picked fruit in Eastern Canada, for example in Newfoundland and Labrador and Cape Breton, where they are locally known as partridgeberries or redberries, and on the mainland of Nova Scotia, where they are known as foxberries. In this region they are incorporated into jams, syrups, and baked goods, such as pies, scones, and muffins.

In Sweden lingonberries are often sold as jam and juice, and as a key ingredient in dishes. They are used to make Lillehammer berry liqueur; and, in East European countries, lingonberry vodka is sold, and vodka with lingonberry juice or ''mors'' is a cocktail.

The berries are an important food for bears and foxes, and many fruit-eating birds. Caterpillars of the case-bearer moths '' Coleophora glitzella'', '' Coleophora idaeella'' and '' Coleophora vitisella'' are obligate feeders on ''V. vitis-idaea'' leaves.

Indigenous North American cuisine

Alaska natives mix the berries with rose hip pulp and sugar to make jam, cook the berries as a sauce, and store the berries for future use. The Dakelh use the berries to make jam. The Koyukon freeze the berries for winter use. Inuit dilute and sweeten the juice to make a beverage, freeze and store the berries for spring, and use the berries to make jams and jellies. The Iñupiat use the berries to make two different desserts, one in which the berries are whipped with frozen fish eggs and eaten, and one in which raw berries are mashed with canned milk and seal oil. They also make a dish of the berries cooked with fish eggs, fish (whitefish, sheefish or pike) and blubber.

The Upper Tanana boil the berries with sugar and flour to thicken; eat the raw berries, either plain or mixed with sugar, grease or a combination of the two; fry them in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs; or make them into pies, jam, and jelly. They also preserve the berries alone or in grease and store them in a birchbark basket in an underground cache, or freeze them.Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9

= Use of the ''minus'' subspecies

=
The Anticosti people use the fruit to make jams and jellies. The Nihithawak Cree store the berries by freezing them outside during the winter, mix the berries with boiled fish eggs, livers, air bladders and fat and eat them, eat the berries raw as a snack food, or stew them with fish or meat.Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64 The Iñupiat of Nelson Island eat the berries, as do the Iñupiat of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic regions of Alaska, as well as the Inuvialuit.Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183 The Haida people, Hesquiaht First Nation, Wuikinuxv and Tsimshian all use the berries as food.Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101

Traditional medicine

In traditional medicine, ''V. vitis-idaea'' was used as an apéritif and astringent. The Upper Tanana ate the berries or used their juice to treat minor respiratory disorders.

Other uses

The Nihithawak Cree use the berries of the ''minus'' subspecies to color porcupine quills, and put the firm, ripe berries on a string to wear as a necklace. The Western Canadian Inuit use the ''minus'' subspecies as a tobacco additive or substitute.

Explanatory notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

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vitis-idaea
Alpine flora
Berries
Flora of Eastern Canada
Flora of Europe
Flora of Minnesota
Flora of Subarctic America
Flora of temperate Asia
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of Western Canada
Flora of Wisconsin
Groundcovers
Japanese fruit
Least concern flora of North America
Least concern flora of the United States
Least concern plants
Plants described in 1753
Plants used in Native American cuisine
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Subshrubs
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus