mathematics Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...

and

physics Physics is the scientific study of matter, its Elementary particle, fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge whi ...

covariance In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables. The sign of the covariance, therefore, shows the tendency in the linear relationship between the variables. If greater values of one ...

is a measure of how much two variables change together, and may refer to:

Statistics

Covariance matrix In probability theory and statistics, a covariance matrix (also known as auto-covariance matrix, dispersion matrix, variance matrix, or variance–covariance matrix) is a square matrix giving the covariance between each pair of elements of ...

, a matrix of covariances between a number of variables *

Covariance In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables. The sign of the covariance, therefore, shows the tendency in the linear relationship between the variables. If greater values of one ...

cross-covariance In probability and statistics, given two stochastic processes \left\ and \left\, the cross-covariance is a function that gives the covariance of one process with the other at pairs of time points. With the usual notation \operatorname E for th ...

between two random variables or data sets *

Autocovariance In probability theory and statistics, given a stochastic process, the autocovariance is a function that gives the covariance of the process with itself at pairs of time points. Autocovariance is closely related to the autocorrelation of the proces ...

, the covariance of a signal with a time-shifted version of itself *

Covariance function In probability theory and statistics, the covariance function describes how much two random variables change together (their ''covariance'') with varying spatial or temporal separation. For a random field or stochastic process ''Z''(''x'') on a dom ...

, a function giving the covariance of a random field with itself at two locations

Algebra and geometry

* A covariant (invariant theory) is a bihomogeneous polynomial in and the coefficients of some homogeneous form in that is invariant under some group of linear transformations. *

Covariance and contravariance of vectors In physics, especially in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a change of basis. Briefly, a contravariant vecto ...

, properties of how vector coordinates change under a change of basis **

Covariant transformation In physics Physics is the scientific study of matter, its Elementary particle, fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of ...

, a rule that describes how certain physical entities change under a change of coordinate system *

Covariance and contravariance of functors In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories. Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and ...

, properties of functors *

General covariance In theoretical physics, general covariance, also known as diffeomorphism covariance or general invariance, consists of the Invariant (physics), invariance of the ''form'' of physical laws under arbitrary Derivative, differentiable coordinate transf ...

or simply covariance (inaccurate but common usage in quantum mechanics), the invariance of the mathematical form of physical laws under arbitrary differential coordinate transformations (including Lorentz transformations), strictly meaning ''invariance'' *

Lorentz covariance In relativistic physics, Lorentz symmetry or Lorentz invariance, named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, is an equivalence of observation or observational symmetry due to special relativity implying that the laws of physics stay the same ...

, a property of space-time that follows from the special theory of relativity ** Poincaré covariance, a related property *

Eddy covariance The eddy covariance (also known as eddy correlation and eddy flux) is a key atmospheric measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent fluxes within planetary boundary layer, atmospheric boundary layers. The method analyses hig ...

, an atmospheric flux measurement technique * in category theory,

covariant functor In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories. Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and ...

, the same as a functor (the term is used to be in contrast to the term

contravariant functor In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories. Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and ...

Computer science

Covariance and contravariance (computer science) Many programming language type systems support subtyping. For instance, if the type (computer science), type is a subtype of , then an expression (computer science), expression of type Liskov_substitution_principle, should be substitutable where ...

, a system of class relations in computer science

Statistics

Algebra and geometry

Computer science

See also