The County of Apulia and Calabria (), later the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria (), was a Norman state founded by William of Hauteville in 1043, composed of the territories of Gargano, Capitanata,

Apulia Apulia ( ), also known by its Italian language, Italian name Puglia (), is a Regions of Italy, region of Italy, located in the Southern Italy, southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Ot ...

Vulture A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. There are 23 extant species of vulture (including condors). Old World vultures include 16 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia; New World vultures are restricted to Nort ...

, and most of

Campania Campania is an administrative Regions of Italy, region of Italy located in Southern Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islan ...

. It became a duchy when

Robert Guiscard Robert Guiscard ( , ; – 17 July 1085), also referred to as Robert de Hauteville, was a Normans, Norman adventurer remembered for his Norman conquest of southern Italy, conquest of southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th century. Robert was born ...

was raised to the rank of duke by

Pope Nicholas II Pope Nicholas II (; c. 990/995 – 27 July 1061), otherwise known as Gerard of Burgundy, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1059 until his death in 27 July 1061. At the time of his election, he was bish ...

in 1059. The duchy was disestablished in 1130, when the last duke of Apulia and Calabria, Roger II, became

King of Sicily The monarchs of Sicily ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130 until the "perfect fusion" in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816. The origins of the Sicilian monarchy lie in the Norman conquest of southern Italy which oc ...

. The title of duke was thereafter used intermittently as a title for the heir apparent to the

Kingdom of Sicily The Kingdom of Sicily (; ; ) was a state that existed in Sicily and the southern Italian peninsula, Italian Peninsula as well as, for a time, in Kingdom of Africa, Northern Africa, from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816. It was ...

Creation

William I of Hauteville returned to Melfi in September 1042 and was recognized by all the Normans as supreme leader. He turned to Guaimar IV,

Prince of Salerno This page is a list of the rulers of the Principality of Salerno. Salerno was a Lombard Principality in southern Italy in the latter centuries of the first millenium. When Prince Sicard of Benevento was assassinated by Radelchis I of Benevento, ...

, and Rainulf Drengot, Count of Aversa, and offered both an alliance. With the unification of the Norman families of Altavilla and Drengot, Guaimar gave official recognition to the Norman conquests. At the end of the year and extending into 1043, William and Rainulf met in an assembly at Melfi with the Norman barons and the Lombards. In the meeting, Guaimar IV of Salerno ensured the Hauteville dominance over Melfi. William of Hauteville formed the second core of his possessions and differentiated himself from Rainulf I of Aversa, head of the territories of Campania. All the barons present offered a tribute as a vassal to Guaimar, which recognized William I of Hauteville as the first to receive the title of '' Count of Apulia''. To tie it to himself, he offered to marry Guaimar's niece Guide, daughter of Guy, Duke of Sorrento. Guaimar reconfirmed the title of count to Rainulf as well, which created the County of Puglia. In 1047, Drogo of Hauteville was made "count" of Apulia and Calabria by Emperor Henry III, with territories lost by Guaimar IV of the

Principality of Salerno The Principality of Salerno () was a Middle Ages, medieval Mezzogiorno, Southern Italian state, formed in 851 out of the Principality of Benevento after a decade-long civil war. It was centred on the port city of Salerno. Although it owed alle ...

Duchy of Apulia and Calabria

In 1043, the prince of Salerno, Guaimar IV, had been acclaimed ''Duke of Apulia and Calabria'' although the legitimacy of this title (as it was not officially recognized by any universal power) could be considered juridically doubtful; in fact, in 1047, the emperor Henry III intervened to claim the ducal title. However, after 1059, the county was officially named ''Ducato di Puglia e Calabria'' ("Duchy of Apulia and Calabria"), because

was named a "

duke Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of Royal family, royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and above sovereign princes. As royalty or nobi ...

" by

. Salerno was conquered in 1077 by the Normans, and these territories were added to the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria and with this conquest, the Normans controlled all of continental southern Italy, with the exception of the small

Duchy of Naples The Duchy of Naples (, ) began as a Byzantine province that was constituted in the seventh century, in the lands roughly corresponding to the current province of Naples that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion of Italy in the si ...

. The next year, the capital was moved from Melfi to Salerno, and the Normans began to focus on completing the conquest of

Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...

. They gradually created, until 1091, the precursor of the

, the first unified state in southern Italy that was founded in 1130. Salerno remained the capital of this southern Italian political entity for half a century (from 1078 to 1130), the city flourished with the

Schola Medica Salernitana The Schola Medica Salernitana () was a medieval medical school, the first and most important of its kind. Situated on the Tyrrhenian Sea in the Mezzogiorno, south Italian city of Salerno, it was founded in the 9th century and rose to prominence in ...

, the first medical school in Europe.

List of counts and dukes

Azzo of Spoleto (Duke of Calabria)

Melus of Bari (Duke of Apulia)

Guaimar of Salerno (Duke of Apulia and Calabria)

William is usually considered the first count of Apulia and Calabria, but he was never recognized as such by the emperor. In 1047, Holy Roman Emperor Henry III took away Guaimar's ducal title. He christened William's successor (and brother) Drogo ''Dux et Magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae'' and made him a direct vassal of the empire. ;Counts * William I Iron Arm 1043–46 * Drogo 1046–51 *

Humphrey Humphrey is both a masculine given name and a surname. An earlier form, not attested since Medieval times, was Hunfrid. Notable people with the name include: People with the given name Medieval period :''Ordered chronologically'' *Hunfrid of Pr ...

1051–57 *

1057–59 ;Dukes *

1059–85 * Roger I Borsa 1085–1111 * William II 1111–27 In 1127 the duchy passed to the count of Sicily. It was thereafter used intermittently as a title for the heir apparent. * Roger II 1127–34, also

king of Sicily The monarchs of Sicily ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130 until the "perfect fusion" in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816. The origins of the Sicilian monarchy lie in the Norman conquest of southern Italy which oc ...

(1130–54) * Roger III 1134–48, son of previous, opposed by . . . ** Ranulf 1137–39, candidate of

Pope Innocent II Pope Innocent II (; died 24 September 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 February 1130 to his death in 1143. His election as Pope was controversial, and the first eight years o ...

and

Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III, sometimes numbered Lothair II and also known as Lothair of Supplinburg ( June 1075 – 4 December 1137), was Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death. He was appointed Duke of Saxony in 1106 and elected King of Germany in 1125 b ...

* William III 1148–54, also king of Sicily (1154–66) * Roger IV 1154–61, son of previous The title was left vacant after the death of Roger IV. It may have been revived for a short-lived son of William II: * Bohemond 1181 It was revived by King Tancred for his eldest son in 1189: * Roger V 1189–93

References

* Chalandon, Ferdinand. ''Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile''. Paris: 1907. *Houben, Hubert (translated by Graham A. Loud and Diane Milburn). ''Roger II of Sicily: Ruler between East and West''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. *Matthew, Donald. ''The Norman Kingdom of Sicily''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. * Norwich, John Julius. ''The Normans in the South 1016–1130''. London: Longman, 1967. *Norwich, John Julius. ''The Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194''. London: Longman, 1970. *Takayama, Hiroshi. ''The Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily''. BRILL, 1993.

External links

History of the Norman World
{{DEFAULTSORT:Apulia Norman conquest of southern Italy Medieval Apulia County of Apulia Italian states * Apulia and Calabria States and territories disestablished in the 1130s