''Couma utilis'', called the milk tree, sorvinha, sorveira, sorva (a name it shares with its larger relative '' Couma macrocarpa''), and sorva-pequena, is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily

Rauvolfioideae Rauvolfioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae (order Gentianales). Many species are woody lianas, others are shrubs or perennial herbs. Tribes and genera *Tribe Aspidospermateae Miers, 1878 **''Aspidosperma'' Mart. ...

, native to the Orinoco and Amazon basins of South America. It is thought that ''C.utilis'' was on the verge of being domesticated by indigenous Amazonian peoples prior to the arrival of Europeans in the New World.

Description

''Couma utilis'' is usually a tree tall, and occasionally a bush reaching only . Its bark is smooth and dark brown. When cut it exudes large quantities of white latex. Its root system usually consists of a taproot reaching down , more in softer soils, and superficial roots that extend far beyond the dripline. Its simple, entire leaves are oppositely arranged, with three leaves at branch termini. Leaf blades are elliptic, wide and long, with rounded to subobtuse apices. Leaf bases are cuneate and extend decurrently onto the petiole. They have no stipules, and their petioles are long. The prominent leaf veins run parallel, and the leaves themselves are coriaceous and glabrous, colored dark green adaxially and light green abaxially. ''C.utilis'' has corymbose, axillary inflorescences with 1 to 3 flowers that are in total length. The cupped calyxes are about long with five obtuse long lobes. Corollas form tubes about long, each with four or five long lobes. The flowers are pink to purple, with five stamens inserted into the tube. Ovaries have numerous ovules. Flowering season is April through June. The fruits mature in August through September, with some coming out of season. The fruits are globose berries, in diameter and averaging . They hang in bunches of one to five from long peduncles. Unripe fruit are typically dark green turning brown and soft when ripe. They are often harvested unripe. Once fully ripe they are quite soft, with a leathery, thick exocarp. There are numerous soft, flattened, diameter seeds distributed evenly in the fleshy, sweet mesocarp.

Cultivation

''C.utilis'' grows well in the nutrient poor oxisols of the Amazon rainforest, preferring wet but unflooded areas between sea level and elevation. It also grows in anthropogenically disturbed soils, unlike its wilder congeners '' C.macrocarpa'' and '' C.guianensis''. In cultivation in the central Amazon, a tree produces almost of fruit per year, a yield of about .

Uses

As its specific epithet implies, ''Couma utilis'' has many uses. Its fruits are delectable and available in market towns such as

Manaus Manaus () is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Amazonas. It is the seventh-largest city in Brazil, with an estimated 2020 population of 2,219,580 distributed over a land area of about . Located at the east center of the s ...

and Belém. Sometimes the pulp is used as flavor for ice cream. Its latex has many uses, including as a base (commercially called pendare) for chewing gum, for boat-caulking and for whitewashing houses. The raw latex is sweet and is used as a milk substitute by people in areas where dairy milk is not readily available. Its wood is occasionally used for construction and cabinetry. It is planted as an ornamental tree for its profusion of attractive pink to light purple flowers.

References

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q15397649 utilis Flora of South America Trees of the Amazon Crops originating from South America Ornamental trees Plants described in 1860