Cottonwood Limestone
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Cottonwood Limestone, or simply the Cottonwood, is a
stratigraphic unit A stratigraphic unit is a volume of rock of identifiable origin and relative age range that is defined by the distinctive and dominant, easily mapped and recognizable petrographic, lithologic or paleontologic features ( facies) that characteriz ...
and a historic stone resource in east-central
Kansas Kansas ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Nebraska to the north; Missouri to the east; Oklahoma to the south; and Colorado to the west. Kansas is named a ...
, northeast-central
Oklahoma Oklahoma ( ; Choctaw language, Choctaw: , ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Texas to the south and west, Kansas to the north, Missouri to the northea ...
, and southeastern
Nebraska Nebraska ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Ka ...
in the
Midwestern United States The Midwestern United States (also referred to as the Midwest, the Heartland or the American Midwest) is one of the four census regions defined by the United States Census Bureau. It occupies the northern central part of the United States. It ...
. It is the lowest member of the Beattie Limestone formation and commonly
outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth and other terrestrial planets. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most p ...
s within the deep valleys and on top of the scenic residual ridges of the
Flint Hills The Flint Hills, historically known as Bluestem Pastures or Blue Stem Hills, are a region of hills and prairies that lie mostly in eastern Kansas. It is named for the abundant residual flint eroded from the bedrock that lies near or at the surfa ...
. This important building stone, quarried in the Cottonwood River valley, had been used under the names "Cottonwood stone" or "Cottonwood Falls limestone" many years before the name Cottonwood Limestone appeared in scientific publications late in the 19th century. Similarly, "Manhattan stone" was the commercial name used for the same limestone when quarried in the vicinity of
Manhattan, Kansas Manhattan is a city in and the county seat of Riley County, Kansas, United States, although the city extends into Pottawatomie County, Kansas, Pottawatomie County. It is located in northeastern Kansas at the junction of the Kansas River and Big ...
. It was also called "Alma Limestone" when first quarried at
Alma, Kansas Alma is a city in and the county seat of Wabaunsee County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 802. History 19th century For millennia, the land now known as Kansas was inhabited by Native Americ ...
. The Cottonwood Limestone is one of the most persistent and easily recognizable horizons in Kansas. This limestone is usually light gray or
buff Buff or BUFF may refer to: People * Buff (surname), a list of people * Buff (nickname), a list of people * Johnny Buff, ring name of American world champion boxer John Lisky (1888–1955) * Buff Bagwell, a ring name of American professional wr ...
in color, massively bedded, and has an average thickness of about six feet. The upper part of the member in particular is recognizable for being almost entirely made up of the small wheat-grain shaped foraminifera
Fusulinida The Fusulinida is an extinct order within the Foraminifera in which the tests are traditionally considered to have been composed of microgranular calcite. Like all forams, they were single-celled organisms. In advanced forms the test wall was ...
, with few other animal remains. The line of outcrop of the Cottonwood is generally marked by a line of massive rectangular blocks of light gray or bleached, bone-colored limestone, often supporting a line of shrubs. Because of its resistance to weathering, it often forms a prominent
escarpment An escarpment is a steep slope or long cliff that forms as a result of faulting or erosion and separates two relatively level areas having different elevations. Due to the similarity, the term '' scarp'' may mistakenly be incorrectly used inte ...
. The Cottonwood Limestone is noteworthy for the persistence of this lithologic character across its range.


Resources

Aside from shaping the landscapes of the communities within the Flint Hills, this limestone is most notable for its influence on the building architectures of the communities in its region. Near the surface, Cottonwood Limestone is a useful aquifer, while deeper subsurface Cottonwood Limestone is associated with oil and gas producing formations.


Construction stone

A regionally famous construction material, Cottonwood Limestone is yellowish, buff, to nearly white in color, even-textured, durable, and very suitable for cutting into dimensional stone for masonry. Moreover, its beds of usable stone are particularly massive for the region; blocks of stone three or more feet thick and several feet in length and width can be taken from a ledge. While many other limestone formations are found in the region and have been widely used in local construction, most (excepting most notably the Fort Riley Limestone) weather poorly, lie with much thinner parting beds, or are generally much higher in the typical Permian silica or flint content and so are much more difficult to cut or sculpt. As such, the lithologic characteristics of Cottonwood Limestone has made it one of the best building stones in the state and many past quarries, large and small, may be found on nearly every hill capped by this resource. Large, cut blocks of Cottonwood Limestone were famously used in historic, monumental buildings in the region, including churches, courthouses, and educational buildings; while rough stones of other limestones are more common in older, smaller homes and buildings. Its use in a building within its region can often be recognized by the use of large cut blocks, near-white or buff color, and showing abundant fossils or molds of “wheat-grain” shaped
fusulinids The Fusulinida is an extinct Order (biology), order within the Foraminifera in which the Foraminifera test, tests are traditionally considered to have been composed of wikt:microgranular, microgranular calcite. Like all forams, they were single- ...
coupled with general absence of
spalling Spall are fragments of a material that are broken off a larger solid body. It can be produced by a variety of mechanisms, including as a result of projectile impact, corrosion, weathering, cavitation, or excessive rolling pressure (as in a ball ...
, splotchy black coloring from mold that find portions of the stone particularly favorable, and sculptured or protruding rough faces. Especially in older buildings close to a source, Cottonwood Limestone is sometimes paired with the Neva Limestone that is commonly exposed only 35 feet lower in the hills. In this combination, the softer, massive Cottonwood is used for carved trim while the Neva is used, cut or rough, for the general fill and facing, the latter showing a whiter face with smoother glass-like fracture in contrast to the more buff-colored Cottonwood Limestone showing a rougher earthy fracture. The Cottonwood is the main facing material for the campus buildings of
Kansas State University Kansas State University (KSU, Kansas State, or K-State) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university with its main campus in Manhattan, Kansas, United States. It was opened as the state's land-grant coll ...
. The Topeka Performing Arts Center as well as much of the
Kansas State Capitol The Kansas State Capitol, known also as the Kansas Statehouse, is the building housing the executive and legislative branches of government for the U.S. state of Kansas. Located in the city of Topeka, which has served as the capital of Kansas si ...
and the
Great Overland Station Great Overland Station, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Union Pacific Railroad Passenger Depot, is a museum and former railroad station in Topeka, Kansas, United States. The station was built from 1925 to 1927 and designed ...
in
Topeka, Kansas Topeka ( ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Shawnee County. It is along the Kansas River in the central part of Shawnee County, in northeastern Kansas, in the Central United States. As of the 2020 cen ...
are constructed with Cottonwood Limestone. The iconic
Campanile A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian church, and will contain church bells, but there are also many secular bell to ...
in
Lawrence, Kansas Lawrence is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County, Kansas, United States, and the sixth-largest city in the state. It is in the northeastern sector of the state, astride Interstate 70 in Kansas, Interstate 70, between the Kansas River ...
, is also built from the once-named “Manhattan stone”. Cottonwood Limestone continues to be popular in constructions, and was recently (2014) used to construct the West Side Stadium Center of the Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium.


Sculpture

The massive, fine-grained, bright-white character of this limestone makes it a practical stone for large sculptures: * ''Dyche Hall Grotesques'',
University of Kansas The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas, United States. Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side: the university's medical school and hospital ...
, Sculptors: Joseph Robaldo Frazee and Vitruvius Frazee * ''Prairie Passage'', Lyon County Fair Grounds,
Emporia, Kansas Emporia is a city in and the county seat of Lyon County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the population of the city was 24,139. Emporia lies between Topeka, Kansas, Topeka and Wichita, Kansas, Wichita ...
, Sculptors: 1992 Kansas Sculptors Association Team Carve * ''Tonantzin'', Elder Center, Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation Reservation, Sculptors: James Wahwassuck


Aquifer

The Cottonwood is a reliable surface limestone
aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing material, consisting of permeability (Earth sciences), permeable or fractured rock, or of unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Aquifers vary greatly in their characteristics. The s ...
in the region. The brush line seen on many hillsides at the base of this member indicates the moisture it provides. Many springs issue from beneath the massive ledge, especially the west-facing exposures—many of which serve as a source of water for livestock. In many places, springs or shallow wells from the Cottonwood provide large supplies of water for domestic home and farm use. This is especially true along westward-facing hillsides, as
strata In geology and related fields, a stratum (: strata) is a layer of Rock (geology), rock or sediment characterized by certain Lithology, lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by v ...
generally dip to the northwest.


Natural gas

Natural gas Natural gas (also fossil gas, methane gas, and gas) is a naturally occurring compound of gaseous hydrocarbons, primarily methane (95%), small amounts of higher alkanes, and traces of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and helium ...
has been produced in the Cottonwood Limestone in southwestern Kansas and northwestern Oklahoma. The member made an impact on gas production in the region in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in the discovery of additional reserves in previously established and even abandoned fields.


Distribution

As the prominent member of the Beattie Limestone formation, Cottonwood Limestone can be traced on the
outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth and other terrestrial planets. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most p ...
from
Nemaha County, Nebraska Nemaha County is a County (United States), county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 7,074. Its county seat is Auburn, Nebraska, Auburn. In the Vehicle registration plates of Nebraska, Nebras ...
, southward to
Osage County, Oklahoma Osage County () is the largest county by area in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Created in 1907 when Oklahoma was admitted as a state, the county is named for and is home to the federally recognized Osage Nation. The county is coextensive with t ...
, and followed in the subsurface westward to the vicinity of the Colorado-Kansas line as well as into northwestern Oklahoma. The surface outcropping of the Cottonwood Limestone is easily traced in the Flint Hills south of the Kansas River and east of Manhattan, Kansas. In Manhattan, it forms the scenic ridges surrounding the old downtown in the southeast of the city. From there, the line of outcrop is a tortuous one extending several miles north and west along the Kansas and Big Blue rivers and their tributaries. This limestone forms extensive outcrops in the Cottonwood River valley that shares its name; outcrops can be followed several miles up every tributary valley around Cottonwood Falls.


Lithologic character and thickness

The Cottonwood Limestone is a marine limestone and
calcareous Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime (mineral), lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of Science, scientific disciplines. In zoology ''Calcare ...
shale Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of Clay mineral, clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g., Kaolinite, kaolin, aluminium, Al2Silicon, Si2Oxygen, O5(hydroxide, OH)4) and tiny f ...
, laterally persistent, bench-forming, and notably and consistently showing abundant
fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserve ...
s. An outstanding example of uniformity of thickness over considerable areas, the outcrop of the Cottonwood Limestone over a distance of 150 miles from Nebraska to central Kansas is nowhere less than 5.5 nor more than 6.5 feet. The notable consistency of these characteristics within its range serves to make it a distinctive
marker bed Marker horizons (also referred to as chronohorizons, key beds or marker beds) are stratigraphic units of the same age and of such distinctive composition and appearance, that, despite their presence in separate geographic locations, there is no do ...
. Even so, there are some changes in lithologic character that can be seen from north to south. In the central and north range, the limestone is recognized to have distinct the upper and lower beds, long known as ''Top Ledge'' and ''Bottom Ledge'', which commonly part when weathered. This boundary between the upper and lower Cottonwood is evidenced by a sharp textural contrast, porosity difference, and changes in the opaque mineral content. In this range, the whole member is fine-grained limestone, but the Top Ledge has a yellower tint or a creamy gray with open grain while the Bottom Ledge is whiter with tight grain. With respect to fossil content, the upper weathering bed is characterized by the abundant
Fusulinid The Fusulinida is an extinct order within the Foraminifera in which the tests are traditionally considered to have been composed of microgranular calcite. Like all forams, they were single-celled organisms. In advanced forms the test wall was d ...
assemblage, while the lower bed is composed of minute particles of various fragmented fossils, especially Osagia,
echinoderm An echinoderm () is any animal of the phylum Echinodermata (), which includes starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers, as well as the sessile sea lilies or "stone lilies". While bilaterally symmetrical as ...
s, and
bryozoa Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic animal, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary Colony (biology), colonies. Typically about long, they have a spe ...
ns. In northern east-central Kansas, Cottonwood Limestone forms particularly prominent outcroppings in the
Flint Hills The Flint Hills, historically known as Bluestem Pastures or Blue Stem Hills, are a region of hills and prairies that lie mostly in eastern Kansas. It is named for the abundant residual flint eroded from the bedrock that lies near or at the surfa ...
, especially in the Cottonwood River valley in Chase County,
Neosho River The Neosho River is a tributary of the Arkansas River in eastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma in the United States. Its tributaries also drain portions of Missouri and Arkansas. The river is about long.U.S. Geological Survey. National ...
valley in Morris County, and the
Kansas River The Kansas River, also known as the Kaw, is a meandering river in northeastern Kansas in the United States. It is potentially the southwestern most part of the Missouri River drainage, which is sometimes in turn the northwesternmost portion of ...
and Big Blue River valleys of
Riley County Riley County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and largest city is Manhattan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 71,959. The county was named after Bennet Riley, the 7th governor of California, and a ...
. There, it often forms a very conspicuous hillside bench characterized by massive light-gray rounded limestone blocks. The presence of the Cottonwood Limestone in a hillside here is often marked by a persistent line of shrubs that can be seen for many miles. Wherever seen in these and nearby valleys, the Cottonwood Limestone member is almost uniformly six feet thick. It is everywhere massive and commonly seems to consist of only one or two beds. The limestone on a fresh fracture is yellowish gray to buff in color, weathering to light gray. Fusulinids are common, especially in the upper part, and siliceous nodules project from weathered surfaces. Close observation removes any likelihood of confusing the Cottonwood Limestone with any other layer in this part of Kansas; its distinguishing characters are the massive ledge of uniform thickness, the silicified nodules, and the abundance of fusulinids, chiefly in the resistant upper part. The Cottonwood is not a flinty limestone such as those seen higher on the surrounding hilltops; however,
nodules Nodule may refer to: *Nodule (geology), a small rock or mineral cluster *Manganese nodule, a metallic concretion found on the seafloor *Nodule (medicine), a small aggregation of cells *Root nodule Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, p ...
,
concretion A concretion is a hard and compact mass formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. Concretions are often ovoid or spherical in shape, although irregular shapes a ...
s, and
trace fossil A trace fossil, also called an ichnofossil (; ), is a fossil record of biological activity by lifeforms, but not the preserved remains of the organism itself. Trace fossils contrast with body fossils, which are the fossilized remains of part ...
s (filled-in burrows) of partly silicified material that weather more slowly than the rest of the member can give the limestone an appearance of containing flint. While the abundance of fusulinids remains a characteristic of the top of the Cottonwood through to
Osage County, Oklahoma Osage County () is the largest county by area in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Created in 1907 when Oklahoma was admitted as a state, the county is named for and is home to the federally recognized Osage Nation. The county is coextensive with t ...
, south of
Chase County, Kansas Chase County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Cottonwood Falls. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 2,572. The county was named for Salmon Chase, a U.S. Senator from ...
the member has lost its massive limestone characteristic and does not form the conspicuous outcrops seen farther north. In
Greenwood County, Kansas Greenwood County is a county located in the southeast portion of the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Eureka. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 6,016. The county was named for Alfred Greenwood ...
, the unit appears as light-gray limestone crowded with horizontal thin leaves of platy algae, attaining a maximum observed thickness of 8 feet. The Cottonwood in southern Kansas and northern Oklahoma is an interbedded limestone and calcareous shale with a very diverse, abundant, and well-preserved fossil fauna, especially
brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum (biology), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear e ...
s,
mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000  extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...
s, and ammodiscid
foraminifera Foraminifera ( ; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are unicellular organism, single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class (biology), class of Rhizarian protists characterized by streaming granular Ectoplasm (cell bio ...
(shelly facies). At the southern limit of its outcrop the Cottonwood Limestone is a medium crystalline limestone with thin, shelly layers. Mollusks, Osagia, and quartz silt are common (silty Osagia facies).


Paleoenvironment

Variations in the characteristic content and texture (
facies In geology, a facies ( , ; same pronunciation and spelling in the plural) is a body of rock with distinctive characteristics. The characteristics can be any observable attribute of rocks (such as their overall appearance, composition, or con ...
) of the limestone reflect lateral changes in the environment from north to south. * The northern and central
bioclast Bioclasts are skeletal fossil fragments of once living marine or land organisms that are found in sedimentary rocks laid down in a marine environment—especially limestone varieties around the globe, some of which take on distinct textures and col ...
ic and fusuline facies of the Cottonwood were deposited in shallow, well-lit, moderately turbulent waters having only very small amounts of material washed in from land. Water circulation was variably restricted. Large amounts of sand-sized to granule-sized
fusulinids The Fusulinida is an extinct Order (biology), order within the Foraminifera in which the Foraminifera test, tests are traditionally considered to have been composed of wikt:microgranular, microgranular calcite. Like all forams, they were single- ...
, identified as Schwagerina are preserved, especially in the upper bed; Schubertella fusulinids are more common in the lower bed. Few animal fossils are present in the upper bed but somewhat more frequent in the lower bead, usually fragments or debris, including
echinoderm An echinoderm () is any animal of the phylum Echinodermata (), which includes starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers, as well as the sessile sea lilies or "stone lilies". While bilaterally symmetrical as ...
s,
bryozoa Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic animal, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary Colony (biology), colonies. Typically about long, they have a spe ...
ns,
trilobite Trilobites (; meaning "three-lobed entities") are extinction, extinct marine arthropods that form the class (biology), class Trilobita. One of the earliest groups of arthropods to appear in the fossil record, trilobites were among the most succ ...
s,
ostracod Ostracods, or ostracodes, are a Class (biology), class of the crustacean, Crustacea (class Ostracoda), sometimes known as seed shrimp. Some 33,000 species (only 13,000 of which are extant taxon, extant) have been identified,Brandão, S.N.; Antoni ...
s,
crinoid Crinoids are marine invertebrates that make up the class Crinoidea. Crinoids that remain attached to the sea floor by a stalk in their adult form are commonly called sea lilies, while the unstalked forms, called feather stars or comatulids, are ...
s and occasional
gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
s. * Separating the central and the southern provinces was a broad
shoal In oceanography, geomorphology, and Earth science, geoscience, a shoal is a natural submerged ridge, bank (geography), bank, or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material, and rises from the bed of a body ...
where the platy algal facies was deposited; here waters were moderately turbulent, well-lit, shallow, and somewhat restricted in circulation. * The southern shelly ranges were deposited in a less turbulent and deeper-water environment, having good circulation and relatively large amounts of land-sourced material entering from the south supporting mollusks and sessile, filter-feeding
brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum (biology), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear e ...
s. The Osagia, an algal-foraminiferal intergrowth, and other encrusting algae beds in Oklahoma was formed in a shallower, more turbulent, nearer-shore environment marginal to the shelly facies.


Access and viewing

The Cottonwood Limestone is easily accessed or viewed in several locations: * On the Konza Prairie Nature Trail, as one climbs the trail from Kings Creek, the member forms the second bench. Here can be witnessed the characteristic line of boulders and shrubs that follow the rock layer around the hills. The characteristic springs can be found elsewhere on the trail feeding into Kings Creek. * This limestone caps the landmark Bluemont Hill in Manhattan, Kansas, just above the white MANHATTAN letters. This location may be accessed through the Bluemont Scenic Overlook park. The parking lot and walkways at the overlook are generally just above the Eskridge Shale; most of the Cottonwood Limestone having been quarried off long ago. A remnant of the quarry face can be found east of the "Little Apple" water tower and a well-exposed, weathered outcropping is next to the stairs a short distance further along the gravel trail. * This limestone is prominent on the bluffs lining the southern half of
Tuttle Creek Lake Tuttle Creek Lake is a reservoir on the Big Blue River (Kansas), Big Blue River north of Manhattan, Kansas, Manhattan, in the Flint Hills region of northeast Kansas. It was built and is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Arm ...
where wave action has undercut the outcropping in several locations, exposing complete, less weathered faces. Here, a prominent and consistent outcropping visibly demonstrates the general Prairie Plains
homocline In structural geology, a homocline or homoclinal structure (from old  = same, cline = inclination), is a geological structure in which the layers of a sequence of rock strata, either sedimentary or igneous, dip uniformly in ...
that is characteristic of the surface sedimentary formations in the region. Near the dam, the layer is some 40 feet above the usual lake level, but from there it can be seen to very slowly slope below the water miles to the northwest.


See also

*
Fencepost limestone Fencepost limestone, Post Rock limestone, or Stone Post is a Bed (geology), stone bed in the Great Plains notable for its historic use as fencing and construction material in north-central Kansas resulting in unique cultural expression. The sour ...
, state rock of Kansas *
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas This article contains a list of fossil-bearing stratigraphic units in the state of Kansas, Kansas, U.S. Sites See also * Paleontology in Kansas References

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas Fossiliferous st ...
*
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska This article contains a list of fossil-bearing stratigraphic units in the state of Nebraska, U.S. Sites See also * Paleontology in Nebraska References * {{DEFAULTSORT:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska Nebraska Stratigraphi ...
* List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma *
Paleontology in Kansas Paleontology in Kansas refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the United States, U.S. state of Kansas. Kansas has been the source of some of the most spectacular fossil discoveries in US history. The fossil ...
*
Paleontology in Nebraska The location of the state of Nebraska Paleontology in Nebraska refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Nebraska. Nebraska is world-famous as a source of fossils. During the early Paleozoi ...
*
Paleontology in Oklahoma Paleontology in Oklahoma refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Oklahoma has a rich fossil record spanning all three eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Oklahoma is the best source of ...


References


External links


Geolex — Significant Publications — Geologic Unit: Cottonwood


{{coord missing, Kansas Building stone Limestone formations of the United States Cisuralian Series of North America Geologic formations of Kansas Geologic formations of Nebraska Geologic formations of Oklahoma Permian Kansas