costa (botany)

This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary of leaf morphology. For other related terms, see Glossary of phytopathology, Glossary of lichen terms, and List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.

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{{term, term= caducous , content= caducous
{{defn, defn= Falling off early, e.g. the {{gli, sepals of poppies, which fall off when the {{gli, petals begin to open. Compare ''{{gli, persistent'' and ''{{gli, fugacious''.

{{term, term= caespitose , content= caespitose
{{defn, defn= Tufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses.

{{term, term= calcarate , content= calcarate
{{defn, defn= possessing a {{gli, spur.

{{term, term= calcareous , content= calcareous
{{defn, defn= A soil type or a lichen substrate rock type that is rich in or largely composed of calcium carbonate.

{{term, term= calceolate
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a slipper.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=41

{{term, term= calcicole , content= calcicole
{{defn, defn= A plant which thrives in {{gli, calcareous soil. Also calciphile, calciphyte. Antonym: ''calcifuge''. {{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=41

{{term, term= callose, content= callose
{{defn, defn= Hardened; thickened; callous.

{{term, term= callus
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' calli 1.  A protruding mass of tissue
{{defn, no=2, defn= Undifferentiated tissue growth formed in response to wounding; may be grown ''in vitro''.
{{defn, no=3, defn= In orchids, fleshy outgrowths from the {{gli, labellum which can be variously shaped from {{gli, papilla, papillae to plates.
{{defn, no=4, defn= In grasses, a hardened extension from the base of a {{gli, floret (formed from the {{gli, rachilla joint and/or the base of the {{gli, lemma), which may or may not elongate and is often covered in hairs or bristles.

{{term, term= calyciflorous
{{defn, defn= Having {{gli, petals and {{gli, stamens attached to the {{gli, calyx.

{{term, term= calycophyll , content= calycophyll
{{defn, defn= Leaf-like structure formed from a {{gli, sepal or {{gli, calyx lobe which enlarges, usually many-fold, before or after {{gli, anthesis, especially when most of the other sepals or calyx lobes retain their original size. More extreme than an {{gli, accrescent calyx, calycophylls are found in Rubiaceae. Compare ''{{gli, semaphyll'' and ''{{gli, pterophyll''.

{{term, term= calyculate
{{defn, defn= Having an {{gli, epicalyx.

{{term, term= calyculus , content= calyculus
{{defn, no=1, defn= A cup-shaped structure formed from {{gli, bracts resembling an outer {{gli, calyx.
{{defn, no=2, defn= In some Asteraceae, a circle of bracts below the {{gli, involucre.

{{term, term= calyptra , content= calyptra
{{defn, defn= A hood or lid. See ''{{gli, operculum''.

{{term, term= calyx , content= calyx
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' calyces Collective term for the {{gli, sepals of one flower; the outer {{gli, whorl of a flower, usually green. Compare ''{{gli, corolla''.

{{term, term= calyx tube , content= calyx tube
{{defn, defn= A tube formed by the fusion of the sepals ({{gli, calyx), at least at the base.

{{term, term= cambium , content= cambium
{{defn, defn= Tissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth.

{{term, term= campanulate , content= {{vanchor, campanulate
{{defn, defn= Bell-shaped.

{{term, term= camptodromous , content= camptodromous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, pinnate, Pinnate {{gli, venation in which the {{gli, secondary veins curve toward the margins, in some cases becoming nearly parallel with them, and not reconnecting with other veins to form loops.

{{term, term= campylotropous , content= campylotropous
{{defn, defn= When the {{gli, ovule is oriented transversely (i.e. with its axis at right angles to its stalk) and with a curved embryo sac. Compare ''{{gli, amphitropus'', ''{{gli, anatropous'', and ''{{gli, orthotropous''.

{{term, term= canaliculate , content= canaliculate
{{defn, defn= Channelled; having a longitudinal groove.

{{term, term= canescent , content= canescent
{{defn, defn= Approaching white in color, as in a leaf covered with white down or wool.

{{term, term= canopy , content= canopy
{{defn, defn= Branches and foliage of a tree; the {{gli, crown. Also refers to the protective upper layer of a forest. Compare ''{{gli, trunk''.

{{term, term= capillary , content= capillary
{{defn, no=1, defn= Tube, pore, or passage with a narrow, internal cross-section.
{{defn, no=2, defn= Slender; hair-like.

{{term, term= capitate , content= capitate
{{defn, no=1, defn= (of an {{gli, inflorescence) Having a knob-like head, with the flowers unstalked and aggregated into a dense cluster.
{{defn, no=2, defn= (of a {{gli, stigma) Like the head of a pin.

{{term, term= capitulum , content= capitulum
{{defn, defn= Dense cluster of {{gli, sessile or {{gli, subsessile {{gli, flowers or {{gli, florets, e.g. a flower {{gli, head in the daisy family Asteraceae. See ''{{gli, pseudanthium''.

{{term, term= capsule , content= capsule
{{defn, defn= Dry {{gli, fruit formed from two or more united {{gli, carpels and {{gli, dehiscent, dehiscing when ripe (usually by splitting into pieces or opening at summit by teeth or pores).

{{term, term= carduoid , content= carduoid
{{defn, defn= In Asteraceae, having a {{gli, style with a ring of sweeping hairs borne on the shaft of the style below the style branches.

{{term, term= carina
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, keel''.

{{term, term= carinal canal
{{defn, defn= Longitudinal cavity in the {{gli, stems of ''Equisetum'' and extinct Equisetopsida, coinciding with a ridge in the stem surface.

{{term, term= carneous , content= carneous
{{defn, defn= Flesh-colored, especially as applied to some flowers.

{{term, term= carnose, carnous , content= carnose, carnous
{{defn, defn= Fleshy or pulpy in texture, especially as applied to some tissues or organs. Contrast ''{{gli, coriaceous'' and ''{{gli, corneous''.

{{term, term= Caropodium , content= ''Caropodium ''
{{defn, defn= Genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. Native range: Turkey to Iran. Not to be confused with ''{{gli, Carpopodium, Carpopodium''

{{term, term= carpel , content= carpel
{{defn, defn= The basic female reproductive organ in {{gli, angiosperm, angiosperms, either consisting of a single {{gli, sporophyll or a single {{gli, locule of a compound {{gli, ovary, with a {{gli, style and a {{gli, stigma. The {{gli, gynoecium is the collective term for all of the carpels of a single {{gli, flower.

{{term, term= carpellary , content= carpellary
{{defn, defn= Referring to carpels or to associated structures or outgrowths of carpels, for example staminodes attached to carpels in Nymphaeaceae, were frequently referred to as carpellary attachments. The current and past usage of the terms "carpellary attachments", {{gli, paracarpel, paracarpels, and {{gli, staminodes is confused and varies among authors.

{{term, term= carpopodium , content= carpopodium
{{defn, defn= On {{gli, achenes (Cypselae), an elongation of the base of the {{gli, gynoecium which looks distinct; the {{gli, abscission zone, where the achene is separated from the {{gli, receptacle.
{{defn, no=2, defn= Genus '' Carpopodium'' in the family Brassicaceae; not to be confused with ''{{gli, Caropodium''.

{{term, term= cartilaginous , content= cartilaginous
{{defn, defn= Hard and tough; gristly. Compare ''{{gli, corneous'' and ''{{gli, coriaceous''.

{{term, term= caruncle , content= caruncle
{{defn, defn= A small piece of flesh-like tissue, typically lumpy or warty, growing on the {{gli, testa near the {{gli, hilum. Contrast ''{{gli, aril''.

{{term, term= caryopsis , content= caryopsis
{{defn, defn= A dry, {{gli, indehiscent, one-seeded {{gli, fruit in which the {{gli, seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall, e.g. in most grasses.

{{term, term= Casparian strip , content= Casparian strip
{{defn, defn= A continuous band of suberin in the radial primary cell walls of the {{gli, endodermis in vascular plant stems and roots that forms a permeability barrier to the passive diffusion of external water and solutes into the vascular tissue.

{{term, term= cassideous , content= cassideous
{{defn, defn= Hood-, helmet- or bonnet-shaped; generally referring to floral anatomy, e.g. in the flowers of ''Aconitum'', '' Satyrium'', etc.

{{term, term= castaneous , content= castaneous
{{defn, defn= Chestnut-colored, reddish-brown.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=46

{{term, term= casual alien , content= casual alien
{{defn, defn= An exotic plant that appears with no apparent human assistance but does not develop a sustained population(s), or one that persists only by repeated new introductions. Compare ''{{gli, alien''.

{{term, term= cataphyll , content= cataphyll
{{defn, defn= Any plant structure which is morphologically a {{gli, leaf but which has at most an incidental or transient {{gli, photosynthesis, photosynthetic function. They are either shed when their main function has been completed, or are incorporated into structures where, when dead, they serve a protective or supportive purpose.

{{term, term= catenate , content= catenulate
{{defn, defn= In the shape of a chain; formed of parts or cells connected as if chained together, e.g. some diatoms, algae, and cyanobacteria such as ''Anabaena''. See also ''{{gli, concatenate''.

{{term, term= catkin , content= catkin
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, spike, usually pendulous, in which the mostly small {{gli, flowers are {{gli, unisexual and without a conspicuous {{gli, perianth, e.g. in willows, poplars, oaks, and casuarinas. The individual flowers often have scaly {{gli, bracts and are generally {{gli, anemophilous, wind-pollinated. Catkins are usually shed as a unit.

{{term, term= caudate
{{defn, defn= Having a narrow, tail-like appendage or tip, e.g. a {{gli, drip tip. Contrast ''{{gli, acuminate'', ''{{gli, cuspidate'', and ''{{gli, mucronate''.

{{term, term= caudex , content= caudex
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' caudices The {{gli, stem of a plant, especially a {{gli, woody one; also used to mean a {{gli, rootstock, or particularly a {{gli, basal stem structure or storage organ from which new growth arises. Compare ''{{gli, lignotuber''.

{{term, term= caudiciform , content= caudiciform
{{defn, defn= {{gli, Stem-like or {{gli, caudex-like; sometimes used to mean "pachycaul", meaning "thick-stemmed".

{{term, term= caulescent, content= caulescent
{{defn, defn= possessing a well-developed stem above ground, similar to {{gli, cauline. Antonym: ''{{gli, acaulescent'' (lacking an apparent stem).

{{term, term= cauliflory , content= cauliflory
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' cauliflorous Having flowers or fruits growing directly from a tree's branches or trunk.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=47

{{term, term= cauline , content= cauline
{{defn, defn= Borne on an aerial {{gli, stem or {{gli, caulis, as with leaves, flowers, or fruits (when applied to the latter two organs, usually referring to older stems.

{{term, term= caulirosulate , content= caulirosulate
{{defn, defn= Borne at the end of the {{gli, stem or {{gli, caulis, as with leaves or bracts.

{{term, term= cell , content= cell
{{defn, no=1, defn= The basic, microscopic unit of plant structure, generally consisting of compartments in a viscous fluid surrounded by a {{gli, cell wall.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A cavity of an {{gli, anther or {{gli, ovary.

{{term, term= cenanthy , content= cenanthous
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, perianth) Lacking both {{gli, stamens and {{gli, pistil, i.e. a flower with neither {{gli, androecium nor {{gli, gynoecium.

{{term, term= centrifixed , content= centrifixed
{{defn, defn= Of a two-branched organ attached by its center, e.g. a hair or {{gli, anther.

{{term, term= ceraceous , content= ceraceous
{{defn, defn= Having a waxy appearance, color, or texture, e.g. flowers of many species of ''Ceropegia'', and the waxy fruit of some species of ''Myrica''.

{{term, term= cernuous , content= cernuous, cernua
{{defn, defn= Nodding, falling headlong or face down; inclined, stooping, or bowing forward. Applied to many species with a nodding, stooping {{gli, habit, such as many ''Narcissus'' and ''Dierama'' species. Many plant species bear the {{gli, specific epithet "''cernua''".

{{term, term= cespitose , content= cespitose
{{defn, defn= An alternative spelling of {{gli, caespitose, meaning tufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses.

{{term, term= chamber
{{defn, defn= A cavity of an {{gli, ovary.

{{term, term= channelled
{{defn, defn= Sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel.

{{term, term= chartaceous , content= chartaceous
{{defn, defn= Having a papery texture.

{{term, term= chasmogamous , content= chasmogamous
{{defn, defn= Of flowers that are pollinated when the {{gli, perianth is open. Compare ''{{gli, cleistogamous''.

{{term, term= chasmophyte , content= chasmophyte
{{defn, defn= A plant adapted to growing in crevices or hollows, such as in cliff faces. Compare ''{{gli, cremnophyte''.{{Sfn, Jackson, 1928{{Sfn, Jaeger, 1959

{{term, term= chimera , content= chimera
{{defn, defn= An individual composed of two or more genetically distinct tissues, most commonly as a result of a {{gli, graft and sometimes by mutations that occur during cell division or cellular transfers during seed development.

{{term, term= chiropterophilous , content= chiropterophilous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, pollination, Pollinated by bats.

{{term, term= chlorophyll , content= chlorophyll
{{defn, defn= Any of a variety of different chemical pigments in {{gli, chloroplasts that are essential for {{gli, photosynthesis.

{{term, term= chloroplast , content= chloroplast
{{defn, defn= An organelle present in plant cells which contains {{gli, chlorophyll.

{{term, term= chlorosis , content= chlorosis
{{defn, defn= An abnormal lack or paleness of color in a normally green organ.

{{term, term= cilia , content= cilia
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''sing.'' cilium; ''adj.'' {{gli, ciliate Very small hairs or hair-like protrusions more or less confined to the {{gli, margins of an organ, as with eyelashes; in motile cells, minute, hair-like protrusions which aid motility.

{{term, term= circinate
{{defn, defn= Spirally coiled with the tip innermost, e.g. circinate {{gli, vernation of the developing {{gli, fronds of most ferns.

{{term, term=cirrhose, content=cirrhose
{{defn, defn= (of a leaf) Ending in a {{gli, tendril at the {{gli, apex.

{{term, term= cladode , content= cladode
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, photosynthesis, photosynthetic {{gli, branch or {{gli, stem, often leaf-like and usually with foliage leaves either absent or much reduced. Compare ''{{gli, phyllode''.

{{term, term= class , content= class
{{defn, defn= The principal category for taxa ranking between {{gli, division and {{gli, order.

{{term, term= clathrate
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a net or lattice; pierced with apertures, as with a cage.

{{term, term= clavate , content= clavate
{{defn, defn= Club-shaped.

{{term, term= clavuncula
{{defn, defn= In the Apocynaceae, an enlarged, drum-shaped {{gli, stigma of which the sides and lower surface are the receptive zones. Coherent with the {{gli, anthers or not.

{{term, term= claw
{{defn, no=1, defn= A narrow, stalk-like, {{gli, basal portion of a {{gli, petal, {{gli, sepal, or {{gli, bract.
{{defn, no=2, defn= In ''Melaleuca'', the united portion of a {{gli, stamen bundle.

{{term, term= cleistogamous , content= cleistogamous
{{defn, defn= Having flowers which self-pollinate and never open fully, or which self-pollinate before opening. Compare ''{{gli, chasmogamous''.

{{term, term= climber , content= climber
{{defn, defn= A plant growing more or less {{gli, erect by leaning on or twining around another structure for support, or by clinging with {{gli, tendril, tendrils.

{{term, term= climbing
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, climber''.

{{term, term= cline , content= cline
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' clinal A continuous morphological variation in form within a species or sometimes between two species.

{{term, term= clone , content= clone
{{defn, defn= A plant derived from the asexual vegetative reproduction of a parent plant, with both plants having identical genetic compositions.

{{term, term= coalescent , content= coalescent
{{defn, defn= Having plant parts fused or grown together to form a single unit.

{{term, term= cochleariform , content= cochleariform
{{defn, defn= Concave and spoon-shaped.

{{term, term= cochleate , content= cochleate
{{defn, defn= Coiled like a snail's shell.

{{term, term= coenobium , content= coenobium
{{defn, defn= An arranged colony of algae that acts like a single organism.

{{term, term= coenocyte , content= coenocyte
{{defn, defn= A single cell with multiple nuclei, formed when nuclear division was not followed by cytokinesis.

{{term, term= coleoptile , content= coleoptile
{{defn, defn= One type of {{gli, sheath in the structure of {{gli, monocotyledonous seeds. The coleoptile is a protective sheath or cap ({{gli, pileus), generally more or less pointed, that covers the monocotyledonous {{gli, plumule as it emerges from the soil. It generally turns green and contributes to photosynthesis until its function is superseded by the main growth of the seedling. Contrast this with the {{gli, coleorhiza, which remains underground until it is superseded as the roots emerge.

{{term, term= coleorhiza , content= coleorhiza
{{defn, defn= One type of {{gli, sheath in the structure of {{gli, monocotyledonous seeds. The coleorhiza connects the coleoptile to the {{gli, radicle and protects the monocotyledonous radicle during germination. Unlike the coleoptile, the coleorhiza is associated with the root and does not emerge from the soil during germination. Contrast ''{{gli, coleoptile''.

{{term, term= collenchyma , content= collenchyma
{{defn, defn= A specialized tissue consisting of living cells with unevenly thickened cellulose and pectin {{gli, cell wall, cell walls that performs a support function in organs such as leaves and young stems that are composed of primary plant tissues.

{{term, term= colleter , content= colleter
{{defn, defn= A multicellular, {{gli, glandular hair that usually produces a mucilaginous substance and is located on {{gli, sepals, {{gli, stipule, stipules, or {{gli, petiole, petioles, or on nearby parts of {{gli, stems; commonly found on plants in the order Gentianales.

{{term, term= columella , content= columella
{{defn, defn= In flowering plants, the central axis of the {{gli, cone or {{gli, fruit, e.g. in ''Callitris''.

{{term, term= column , content= column
{{defn, no=1, A structure extending above the {{gli, ovary and incorporating the {{gli, style and {{gli, stamens also known as the {{gli, gynostegium, e.g. in orchids and milkweeds.
{{defn, no=2, In grasses, the lower, stouter, and usually twisted part of an {{gli, awn, distinct from the slender upper part or bristle.

{{term, term= columnar , content= columnar
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a column.

{{term, term= coma , content= coma
{{defn, no=1, A tuft of hairs from {{gli, testa or {{gli, funiculus at one or both ends of some seeds, e.g. in ''Strophanthus'', ''Asclepias'', or ''Alstonia''.
{{defn, no=2, Sterile {{gli, bracts, e.g. in ''Curcuma'', ''Ananas'', or ''Eucomis''.
{{defn, no=3, Sterile {{gli, flowers, e.g. in ''Muscari'' and ''Leopoldia'', at the {{gli, apex of some {{gli, inflorescence, inflorescences.
{{defn, no=4, A tuft of hairs at the base of some flowers, e.g. in ''Pfaffia gnaphalioides''.
{{defn, no=5, A tuft of hairs at the apex or base of some {{gli, spikelets.
{{defn, no=6, An {{gli, axil tuft of hairs in inflorescences in some Poaceae, e.g. in ''Eragrostis comata''.

{{term, term= commercial name , content= commercial name
{{defn, defn= A name often of no botanical standing and not governed by the ICNCP. The term generally applies to names such as Trademark Names, names covered by Plant Breeders Rights, Patents and Promotional Names, which are often used to enhance the sale of a plant.

{{term, term= commissure , content= commissure
{{defn, defn= The seam or face at which two {{gli, carpels adhere. See also {{gli, fissure and {{gli, suture.

{{term, term= community , content= community
{{defn, defn= An ecological assemblage of plants that characteristically occur together.

{{term, term= compound
{{defn, defn= Composed of several parts, e.g. a {{gli, leaf composed of multiple {{gli, leaflets, a {{gli, gynoecium composed of multiple {{gli, carpels, or an {{gli, inflorescence made up of multiple smaller inflorescences.

{{term, term= compound palmate
{{defn, defn= Having {{gli, leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a {{gli, petiole), like spread-out fingers radiating from the palm of a hand. Compare ''{{gli, palmate''.

{{term, term= compressed , content= compressed
{{defn, defn= Flattened lengthwise, either laterally (from side to side) or dorsally (from front to back).

{{term, term= concatenate , content= concatenate
{{defn, defn= Joined together in a chain-like form. See also ''concatenate'' and ''{{gli, catenate''.

{{term, term= concolorous , content= concolorous
{{defn, defn= Having the same color throughout; uniformly colored.

{{term, term= conduplicate , content= conduplicate
{{defn, defn= Arranged such that two sides of a flat surface are folded along the midline to face each other. See also ''ptyxis'', ''{{gli, aestivation'', and ''{{gli, vernation''.

{{term, term= cone , content= cone
{{defn, defn= A type of {{gli, fruit, usually {{gli, woody, {{gli, ovoid to {{gli, globular, including {{gli, scale, scales, {{gli, bracts, or {{gli, bracteole, bracteoles arranged around a central axis, e.g. in gymnosperms, especially conifers and ''Casuarina''.

{{term, term= conflorescence
{{defn, defn= A rarely used term describing substantial differences between the overall structure of an {{gli, inflorescence and that of its individual branches, e.g. the bottlebrush multiple-flower head of members of the genus ''Callistemon''.

{{term, term= connate , content= connate
{{defn, defn= Fused to another organ (or organs) of the same kind, e.g. {{gli, petals in a {{gli, gamopetalous {{gli, corolla tube. Compare ''{{gli, adnate''.

{{term, term= connective , content= connective
{{defn, defn= The part of an {{gli, anther that connects the anther cells.

{{term, term= connivent , content= connivent
{{defn, defn= Coming into contact or converging.

{{term, term= conspecific , content= conspecific
{{defn, defn= Belonging to the same {{gli, species.

{{term, term= contiguous , content= contiguous
{{defn, defn= Adjoining, touching, but not united.

{{term, term= contort , content= contort
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, sepals or {{gli, petals) A type of imbricate {{gli, aestivation in which one side of each segment overlaps one of the adjacent segments and the other side is overlapped by the other adjacent segment. See ''{{gli, convolute''.

{{term, term= contorted , content= contorted
{{defn, defn= Twisted out of the normal shape.

{{term, term= convolute , content= convolute
{{defn, no=1, Referring to the arrangement of floral or foliar organs in a {{gli, bud when each organ or segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent organ or segment; a form of {{gli, imbricate arrangement. See ''{{gli, contort''.
{{defn, no=2, defn= (of {{gli, leaf, leaves) A type of {{gli, vernation in which one leaf is rolled up inside another.
{{defn, no=3, defn= A type of vernation of two leaves at a {{gli, node, in which one half of each leaf is exposed and the other half is wrapped inside the other leaf.

{{term, term= corcle , content= corcle
{{defn, defn= A plant {{gli, embryo, {{gli, plumule, or plumule plus {{gli, radicle.

{{term, term= cordate , content= cordate
{{defn, defn= Heart-shaped, with the notch lowermost; of the base of a {{gli, leaf, like the notched part of a heart. Contrast ''{{gli, obcordate''.

{{term, term= coriaceous , content= coriaceous
{{defn, defn= Leathery; stiff and tough, but flexible. Compare ''{{gli, corneous''.

{{term, term= corm , content= corm
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' cormose, cormous A fleshy, swollen {{gli, stem base, usually underground and functioning in the storage of food reserves, with {{gli, bud, buds naked or covered by very thin scales; a type of {{gli, rootstock.

{{term, term= cormel , content= cormel
{{defn, defn= A small {{gli, corm (or cormlet), forming at the base of a growing larger corm.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=58

{{term, term= corneous , content= corneous
{{defn, defn= Horny in texture; stiff and hard, but somewhat tough. Compare ''{{gli, coriaceous''.

{{term, term= corolla , content= corolla
{{defn, defn= A collective term for the {{gli, petals of a {{gli, flower. Compare ''{{gli, calyx''.

{{term, term= corona , content= corona
{{defn, no=1, In flowering plants, a ring of structures that may be united in a tube, arising from the {{gli, corolla or {{gli, perianth of a flower and standing between the perianth lobes and the {{gli, stamens. The trumpet of a daffodil is a corona.
{{defn, no=2, In grasses, a hardened ring of tissue surmounting the {{gli, lemma in some species.

{{term, term= cortex , content= cortex
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' cortexes or cortices A region of tissue located between the {{gli, epidermis, surface cells and the {{gli, vascular cylinder.{{sfn, Beentje, 2010, page=33

{{term, term= corticolous
{{defn, defn= Growing on {{gli, bark or on wood with the bark stripped off. Compare ''{{gli, lignicolous''.

{{term, term= corymb , content= corymb
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' corymbose An {{gli, inflorescence with branches arising at different points but reaching about the same height, giving the flower cluster a flat-topped appearance.

{{term, term= costa , content= costa
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, rib.

{{term, term= costapalmate
{{defn, defn= Having a definite {{gli, costa (midrib), unlike the typical {{gli, palmate or fan leaf, but with the {{gli, leaflets arranged radially as in a palmate leaf.

{{term, term= cotyledon , content= cotyledon
{{defn, defn= The primary leaf or leaves of a plant embryo which upon germination develops into the seed-leaf or the first set of leaves.

{{term, term= craspedodromous , content= craspedodromous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, pinnate, Pinnate {{gli, venation in which the {{gli, secondary vein, secondary veins terminate at the {{gli, margins, often as teeth.

{{term, term= crateriform , content= crateriform
{{defn, defn= In the shape of a saucer or shallow cup; hemispherical or more shallow.

{{term, term= cremnophyte , content= cremnophyte
{{defn, defn= A plant adapted to growing on, especially hanging from, cliff faces or crevices. Compare ''{{gli, chasmophyte''.{{Sfn, Jackson, 1928{{Sfn, Jaeger, 1959

{{term, term= crenate , content= crenate
{{defn, defn= Having blunt or rounded teeth; scalloped.

{{term, term= crenulate , content= crenulate
{{defn, defn= Minutely scalloped.

{{term, term= crisped , content= crisped
{{defn, defn= Finely curled, as with the edges of leaves and petals.

{{term, term= cristarque cell , content= cristarque cell
{{defn, defn= A sclereid which contains a {{gli, druse and has the lignin deposited excentrically on the {{gli, cell wall to form a cup shape, or in cross-section, a ∪-shape.

{{term, term= crown , content= crown
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, canopy''.

{{term, term= cross , content= cross
{{defn, defn= To make something interbreed; the act of hybridization.

{{term, term= cruciform , content= cruciform
{{defn, defn= Cross-shaped.

{{term, term= crustaceous , content= crustaceous
{{defn, defn= Hard, thin and brittle.

{{term, term= crustose
{{defn, defn= Forming a closely applied surface layer or crust.

{{term, term= cryptogam , content= cryptogam
{{defn, defn= Any of the "lower plants" which produce spores and do not have {{gli, stamens, {{gli, ovary, ovaries, or {{gli, seed, seeds; literally, plants whose sexual reproductive organs are not conspicuous. This group typically includes the ferns, bryophytes, and algae, and sometimes fungi (including lichenized fungi). Compare ''{{gli, phanerogam''.

{{term, term= cucullate , content= cucullate
{{defn, defn= Hood-like or hooded, commonly referring to the shape of leaves or petals, e.g. ''Pelargonium cucullatum''. Similarly derived terms include ''cuculliform'' and ''cuccularis''.

{{term, term= culm , content= culm
{{defn, defn= In grasses, sedges, rushes, and some other {{gli, monocotyledon, monocotyledons, an {{gli, aerial {{gli, stem bearing the {{gli, inflorescence, extending strictly from the base of the plant to the lowest {{gli, involucral bract (or base of the inflorescence).

{{term, term= cultigen , content= cultigen
{{defn, defn= A plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.

{{term, term= cultivar , content= cultivar
{{defn, defn= A term derived from "cultivated variety" denoting an assemblage of cultivated plants clearly distinguished by one or more characters (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical, or other). When reproduced (either sexually or asexually), the assemblage retains its distinguishing characters. A cultivar may arise in cultivation or be introduced from the wild. It is a variant that is of horticultural interest or value. Cultivar names are written with single quotation marks around them, e.g. 'Blue Carpet' or 'Alba'. All new names established after 1 January 1959 must be in common language (that is, not in Latin), but names established in Latin prior to this date are retained in Latin form.

{{term, term= cultivar epithet , content= cultivar epithet
{{defn, defn= The defining part of a name that denominates a {{gli, cultivar. Cultivars are designated by fancy (q.v.) epithets appended either to the scientific name or to the common name of the taxon to which they belong; they are not italicized but placed in single quotation marks, e.g. ''Rubus nitidoides'' 'Merton Early'. 'Merton Early' is the cultivar epithet.

{{term, term= cuneate
{{defn, defn= Wedge-shaped, with straight sides converging at a base.

{{term, term= cupule , content= cupule
{{defn, defn= A cup-shaped structure composed of {{gli, coalescent {{gli, bracts, such as the cup of an acorn. See ''{{gli, calybium''.

{{term, term= cupular , content= cupular
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a {{gli, cupule.

{{term, term= cupulate , content= cupulate
{{defn, defn= Bearing {{gli, cupule, cupules.

{{term, term= cupuliform , content= cupuliform
{{defn, defn= Nearly hemispherical, shaped like a cupola or dome.

{{term, term= cusp , content= cusp
{{defn, defn= A hard, pointed tip, stiffer and more formidable than a {{gli, mucro, hence {{gli, cuspidate.

{{term, term= cuspidate , content= cuspidate
{{defn, defn= Tipped with a {{gli, cusp, as with some leaves.

{{term, term= cuticle , content= cuticle
{{defn, defn= A waterproofing layer covering the {{gli, epidermis of {{gli, aerial plant surfaces and composed of the polymers cutin, and/or cutan and waxes.

{{term, term= cutting , content= cutting
{{defn, defn= An {{gli, apical tip of {{gli, shoot structure, {{gli, root, or {{gli, leaf which is cut from a plant and used for asexual vegetative propagation.

{{term, term= cyathium , content= cyathium
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' cyathia An {{gli, inflorescence of {{gli, unisexual flowers surrounded by {{gli, involucre, involucral bracts, especially the flowers of ''Euphorbia''.

{{term, term= cyathophyll , content= cyathophyll
{{defn, defn= In ''Euphorbia'', the {{gli, bract-like structure on which the {{gli, involucre sits, usually but not always occurring in twos. They may sometimes be brightly colored and confused with {{gli, petals.

{{term, term= cylindrical , content= cylindrical
{{defn, defn= Rod-like and two to three times as long as wide. Compare ''{{gli, baculiform''.

{{term, term=cynaroid , content= cynaroid
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, carduoid''.

{{term, term= cyme , content= cyme
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' {{gli, cymose A type of {{gli, inflorescence in which the main axis and all lateral branches end in a {{gli, flower (each lateral may be repeatedly branched).

{{term, term= cymose , content= cymose
{{defn, Having a {{gli, cyme or cymes.

{{term, term= cypsela , content= cypsela
{{defn, defn= A type of dry, one-seeded, {{gli, indehiscent {{gli, fruit formed from an {{gli, inferior ovary.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

D

{{glossary

{{term, term= deciduous , content= deciduous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, dehiscent, Dehiscing and falling seasonally, as with {{gli, bark, {{gli, leaf, leaves, or {{gli, petals. Contrast ''{{gli, persistent''.

{{term, term= declinate , content={{vanchor, declinate
{{defn, defn= Curving downward, and then upward at the tip. Often qualified, e.g. declinate-ascendant.

{{term, term= decompound
{{defn, defn= Divided to more than one level, e.g. in {{gli, bipinnate leaves, in which the {{gli, leaflets of what would otherwise be a {{gli, pinnate leaf are themselves pinnately divided.

{{term, term= decorticate
{{defn, no=1, (intr. v.) To shed the outer bark of a tree, usually seasonally as part of the natural growth cycle.
{{defn, no=2, (tr. v.) To strip the peel, crust, bark, or other surface tissues from a plant or from harvested material, such as in extracting fiber from harvested ''Agave'' leaves.

{{term, term= decumbent
{{defn, defn= Having branches growing horizontally along the ground but which are turned up at the ends.

{{term, term= decurrent , content= decurrent
{{defn, defn= Extending downward beyond the point of {{gli, point of insertion, insertion, e.g. when the base of a leaf or a fungal gill is prolonged downward along the {{gli, stem in a raised line or narrow wing.

{{term, term= decussant
{{defn, defn= A synonym of ''{{gli, decussate''; the usage ''decussant'' is questionable and occurs rarely, probably as an error. The formally correct usage is ''{{gli, decussate''.

{{term, term= decussate , content={{vanchor, decussate
{{defn, defn= {{gli, opposite, Opposite with successive pairs borne at right angles to the last; generally applied to the arrangement of leaves.

{{term, term= definite
{{defn, defn= Of a constant number, e.g. twice as many {{gli, stamens as {{gli, petals or {{gli, sepals (or less), or an {{gli, inflorescence ending in a {{gli, flower or an aborted floral {{gli, bud, typically a {{gli, cymose inflorescence. Contrast ''{{gli, indefinite''.

{{term, term= deflexed
{{defn, defn= Bent downward. Contrast ''{{gli, inflexed''.

{{term, term= dehiscent , content= dehiscent
{{defn, defn= Breaking open at maturity to release contents; refers e.g. to the opening of {{gli, fruit, fruits to release {{gli, seed, seeds, of {{gli, anthers to release {{gli, pollen, and of {{gli, sporangium, sporangia to release {{gli, spore, spores. Contrast ''{{gli, indehiscent''.

{{term, term= deltoid , content= deltoid
{{defn, defn= Shaped like the uppercase Greek letter Δ, i.e. like a more or less equilateral triangle.

{{term, term= dendroid
{{defn, defn= {{gli, tree, Tree-like; branching like a tree.

{{term, term= dentate, content= dentate
{{defn, defn= {{gli, toothed, Toothed, especially in reference to {{gli, leaf {{gli, margins.

{{term, term= denticulate , content= denticulate
{{defn, defn= Finely {{gli, toothed; a diminutive form of {{gli, dentate.

{{term, term= deserticolous, content= deserticolous
{{defn, defn= Inhabiting a desert.

{{term, term= determinate , content= determinate
{{defn, defn= Limited, usually in growth. Contrast ''{{gli, indeterminate''.

{{term, term= diadelphous, content= diadelphous
{{defn, defn= Referring to a class of {{gli, adelphous structure in which the {{gli, stamens or similar organs are connected in two {{gli, adelphia, adelphiae instead of just one.

{{term, term= diaspore , content= diaspore
{{defn, defn= Any reproductive part of a plant adapted for dispersal and for establishing new plants; may be a disseminule such as a {{gli, seed, or other parts such as specialized {{gli, bud, buds, branches, inflorescences, or fruits.

{{term, term= dichasium , content= dichasium
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, cymose {{gli, inflorescence with all branches below the terminal flower in {{gli, regular opposite pairs. Compare ''{{gli, monochasium'' and ''{{gli, pleiochasium''.

{{term, term= dichlamydeous
{{defn, defn= Having a {{gli, perianth which is divided into a separate {{gli, calyx and {{gli, corolla. Compare ''{{gli, homochlamydeous''.

{{term, term= dichotomous , content= dichotomous
{{defn, defn= Forking into two equal branches. This may result from an equal division of the growing tip, or may be sympodial, in which the growing tip is aborted and replaced. Typically refers to mode of branch growth, as in ''Aloidendron dichotomum'', but also to other organs, such as the venation patterns on leaves, the thorns of various species of ''Carissa'' (which morphologically are branches), and the {{gli, thallus, thalli or hyphae of various algae and fungi.

{{term, term= dicotyledon , content= dicotyledon
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also abbreviated dicot. A flowering plant whose embryo has two or more {{gli, cotyledon, cotyledons (seed leaves). Contrast ''{{gli, monocotyledon''.

{{term, term= digitate , content= digitate
{{defn, defn= With segments spreading from a common center, like the fingers of a hand. See also ''{{gli, palmate'' and ''{{gli, palmatisect''. See also ''Leaf shape''.

{{term, term= digitiform , content= digitiform
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a finger.

{{term, term= dimorphic
{{defn, defn= Occurring in two different forms (with respect to shape and/or size), e.g. of {{gli, stamens, fronds, or leaves. See also ''{{gli, monomorphic'' (having a single form) and ''polymorphic'' (having many forms).

{{term, term= dioecious , content= dioecious
{{defn, defn= (of vascular plants) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast {{gli, monoecious.

{{term, term= dioicous , content= dioicous
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, bryophyte {{gli, gametophyte) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast ''{{gli, monoicous''.

{{term, term= diploid , content= diploid
{{defn, defn= Having two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a {{gli, sporophyte cell, i.e. one set from each of the parental {{gli, gamete, gametes. This is often expressed symbolically as ''2n'', where ''n'' = the number of chromosomes in the {{gli, haploid gamete.

{{term, term= diplostemonous , content= diplostemonous
{{defn, defn= Having {{gli, stamens arranged in two {{gli, whorl, whorls, with the outer whorl alternating with the {{gli, petals while the inner whorl is opposite the petals. Compare ''{{gli, obdiplostemonous'' and ''{{gli, haplostemonous''.

{{term, term= disc , content= disc
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also spelled disk. A plate or ring of structures derived from the {{gli, receptacle, and occurring between {{gli, whorl, whorls of floral parts. In some groups, especially Sapindales, the {{gli, nectary is in the form of a prominent disk. In daisies, the central part of the {{gli, capitulum is a disk, hence flowers borne there are called {{gli, disk floret, disk flowers or florets.

{{term, term= discoid
{{defn, defn= Resembling a disc or plate, having both thickness and parallel faces and with a rounded margin. Also used to describe the flower {{gli, capitulum, head of Asteraceae where there are no ray florets but only disc florets.

{{term, term= discolorous
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, leaf, leaves) Having upper and lower surfaces of different colors.

{{term, term= disjunct , content= disjunct
{{defn, defn= Occurring in widely separated geographic areas, distinctly separate; applies to a discontinuous range in which one or more populations are separated from other potentially interbreeding populations with sufficient distance so as to preclude gene flow between them.

{{term, term= disk floret
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, floret occurring most typically in the {{gli, disc, disk of the {{gli, capitulum of flowers in the family Asteraceae, and to some extent in other plants that bear a flowering head with a disk, such as ''Scabiosa''.

{{term, term= dissected
{{defn, defn= Deeply divided; cut into many segments.

{{term, term= dissepiment
{{defn, defn= A partition or septum in a plant part, usually referring to septa between the {{gli, locule, loculi of {{gli, capsule, capsules or of other fruits with multiple partitions.

{{term, term= distal , content= distal
{{defn, defn= Remote from the point of origin or attachment; the free end. Contrast ''{{gli, proximal''.

{{term, term= distichous , content= distichous
{{defn, defn= Arranged in two opposite rows (and hence in the same plane).

{{term, term= distinct
{{defn, defn= Separate or free; not united.

{{term, term= distyly , content= distyly
{{defn, defn= The condition in which the flowers of a species occur in two forms that differ only by the length of the {{gli, style and {{gli, stamens, and flowers of only one of these forms appear on any one plant. Compare ''{{gli, heterostyly''.

{{term, term= diurnal , content= diurnal