Cornelis Vermeulen (Dutch Painter)
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Cornelis Vermeulen or Cornelis Martinus Vermeulen (1654/55 in
Antwerp Antwerp (; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and a Municipalities of Belgium, municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of Antwerp Province, and the third-largest city in Belgium by area at , after ...
– 1708/09 in Antwerp) was a Flemish printmaker mainly known for his portraits, reproductive prints, frontispieces and illustrations. He trained in Antwerp and worked for a number of years in Paris.Cornelis Vermeulen
at the
Netherlands Institute for Art History The Netherlands Institute for Art History or RKD (Dutch: ), previously Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie (RKD), is located in The Hague and is home to the largest art history center in the world. The center specializes in document ...


Life

He was born in Antwerp in 1654 or 1655 as the son of Geeraert Vermeulen and Christina de Gande. His father was registered in the Antwerp
Guild of Saint Luke The Guild of Saint Luke was the most common name for a city guild for painters and other artists in early modern Europe, especially in the Low Countries. They were named in honor of the Evangelist Luke, the patron saint of artists, who was iden ...
as a 'stoffeerder' ('decorator'), and Cornelis was registered as an apprentice with Peeter Clouet (Clouwet) in the Antwerp guild in the guild year 1668–1669. In 1681, he joined the Confraternity of the Bachelors (Sodaliteit van de Bejaerde Jongmans), a fraternity for bachelors established in Antwerp by the Jesuit order.Ph. Rombouts and Th. van Lerius, ''De Liggeren en andere Historische Archieven der Antwerpsche Sint Lucasgilde, onder Zinkspreuk: "Wy Jonsten Versaemt" afgeschreven en bemerkt door Ph. Rombouts en Th. Van Lerius, Advokaet, onder de bescherming van den raed van bestuer der koninklyke Akademie van beeldende Kunsten, van gezegde Stad''
Volume 2, Antwerp, 1872, pp. 14, 386, 390 and 490
In the years 1682 to 1683, he was active in Paris, where he moved in the circle of Flemish artists, amongst them the Antwerp battle and portrait painter
Constantijn Francken Constantijn Francken or Konstantijn FranckenFrans Jozef Peter Van den Branden, ''Geschiedenis der Antwerpsche schilderschool'', Antwerpen, 1883, p. 978-980 Name variations: Constantinus Francken, Constantyn Francken, Constantin Francken, Constanty ...
. He was registered as a 'wijnmeester' (i.e. son of a master) in the Guild of St. Luke in Antwerp between 18 September 1682 and 18 September 1683. He maintained contact with Paris to which he often returned and where he was connected with the workshop of the Flemish printmaker
Gérard Edelinck Gérard Edelinck (20 October 1640 (baptized) – 2 April 1707) was a copper-plate engraver and print publisher of Southern Netherlands, Flemish origin, who worked in Paris from 1666 and became a naturalized French citizen in 1675.Préaud 1998. ...
.Cornelis Vermeulen
at the
British Museum The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...
He married Maria Anna van de Wee before 18 December 1706. The exact time of his death is not known, but it is suggested that he died in Antwerp between 18 September 1708 and 18 September 1709, as his death duties were paid to the Guild during that period. After his death, his widow married the painter Pieter Andreas Rijsbrack.


Work

Vermeulen was a printmaker who mainly made portrait prints. He made portrait prints after the works of
Nicolas de Largillière Nicolas de Largillière (; baptised 10 October 1656 – 20 March 1746) was a French people, French painter and Drawing, draughtsman. Biography Early life Largillière was baptised at the in Paris on 10 October 1656. The son of a merchant hatm ...
,
Pierre Mignard Pierre Mignard or Pierre Mignard I (; 17 November 1612 – 30 May 1695), called "Mignard le Romain" to distinguish him from his brother Nicolas Mignard, was a French painter known for his religious and mythological scenes and portraits. He was a ...
,
Hyacinthe Rigaud Jacint Rigau-Ros i Serra (; 18 July 1659 – 29 December 1743), known in French as Hyacinthe Rigaud (), was a Catalan-French baroque painter most famous for his portraits of Louis XIV and other members of the French nobility. Biography Rigau ...
,
Adriaen van der Werff Adriaen is a Dutch form of Adrian. Notable people with the name include: * Adriaen Banckert (1615–1684), Dutch admiral *Adriaen Block (1567–1627), Dutch private trader and navigator * Adriaen Brouwer (1605–1638), Flemish genre painter * Adria ...
and others. He made themed series of portraits, such as the series of ''Eleven portraits from English history'' published in 1697 which consists of 11 portraits of English kings, queens and nobles made after designs by Adriaen van der Werff. The ''Portrait of Lady Jane Grey'' from this series shows Lady Jane Grey in an oval which is held by two crying putti. Under her portrait, there is an ax which refers to her execution.''Portrait of Lady Jane Grey''
at the Rijksmuseum
He also made reproductive prints after the works of the old masters such as Rubens,
Adriaen van der Werff Adriaen is a Dutch form of Adrian. Notable people with the name include: * Adriaen Banckert (1615–1684), Dutch admiral *Adriaen Block (1567–1627), Dutch private trader and navigator * Adriaen Brouwer (1605–1638), Flemish genre painter * Adria ...
and
Francesco Trevisani 200px, ''Portrait of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni ''by Francesco Trevisani. The Barnard_Castle.html" ;"title="Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle">Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle, County Durham, England. Francesco Trevisani (April 9, 1656 – July 30, 1746 ...
. He engraved frontispieces for publications such as the frontispiece for Hugo de Groot and Antoine de Courtin's, ''Le droit de la guerre et de la paix'' (The law of war and peace)(Arnould Seneuze, Paris, 1687) and the frontispiece to Isaac de Larrey's ''Histoire d'Angleterre'' (History of England) (Rotterdam: 1697–1713).Frontispiece to Isaac de Larrey's "Histoire d'Angleterre" (Rotterdam, 1697-1713)
at the
British Museum The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...
He provided illustrations to various publications. These include the ''Snake in a landscape'' made for Guy Tachard's ''Voyage de Siam des Peres Jesuites'' (Travels of the Jesuits in Siam)(Paris, 1686). He also contributed six engraved plates (of which three folding plates) to Gabriel Dellon's ''Relation de l'inquisition de Goa'' (History of the Inquisition in Goa) (Paris, Chez Daniel Horthemels, 1688). The book recounts the ordeal of Gabriel Dellon, a French Roman Catholic physician who had traveled in the East Indies, where he was arrested, tortured and convicted to the galleys by the
Inquisition The Inquisition was a Catholic Inquisitorial system#History, judicial procedure where the Ecclesiastical court, ecclesiastical judges could initiate, investigate and try cases in their jurisdiction. Popularly it became the name for various med ...
in Goa. The three full-page plates depict heretics accused of different crimes wearing ''
sanbenito The sanbenito (; Catalan: ''gramalleta'', ''sambenet'', Portuguese: ''sambenito'') was a penitential garment that was used especially during the Portuguese and Spanish Inquisitions. It was similar to a scapular, either yellow with red saltires ...
s'', i.e. special tunics that represent their fate: the ''Samarra'', which is covered with dragons, devils, and flames surrounding an image of the heretic himself, signifying that the impenitent heretic was condemned to be burnt alive at the stake, the ''Fuego revolto'', which is covered simply with flames pointing downwards, signifying that the heretic who became penitent after being condemned was not to be burnt alive at the stake, but was to have the mercy of being strangled before the fire was lit, and the ''Sambenito'' featured red saltires, whose wearer was only to do
penance Penance is any act or a set of actions done out of contrition for sins committed, as well as an alternative name for the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox sacrament of Reconciliation or Confession. The word ''penance'' derive ...
. The three folding plates show the following scenes: the procession of the Inquisition into a church, the Inquisition in session within a church and penitents being led from a church to be burned at the stake. The designs for the prints were made by Pierre Paul Sevin. The book was placed on the
Index of Forbidden Books The (English: ''Index of Forbidden Books'') was a changing list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former dicastery of the Roman Curia); Catholics were forbidden to print o ...
in 1690.Gabriel Dellon, ''Relation de l'inquisition de Goa''
at Bauman Rare Books
File:Cornelis Martinus Vermeulen - Man to be burned on the stake as an heretic.jpg, The ''Samarra'' File:Cornelis Martinus Vermeulen - Man condemned to be burned on the stake saved because of his confession.jpg, The ''Fuego revolto'' File:Cornelis Martinus Vermeulen - Man condemned for heresy who accused himself before he was judged.jpg, The ''Sambenito''


References


External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vermeulen, Cornelis 1650s births 1708 deaths 17th-century Flemish engravers 18th-century engravers 17th-century engravers from the Holy Roman Empire Printmakers from the Holy Roman Empire Flemish printmakers Artists from Antwerp