Convoy PQ13
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PQ 13 was a British Arctic convoy that delivered war supplies from the Western Allies to the
USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. The convoy was subject to attack by German air, U-boat and surface forces and suffered the loss of five ships, plus one escort vessel. Fifteen ships arrived safely.


Ships

PQ 13 comprised 19 merchant ships; seven
British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...
, four American, one Polish, four of
Panama Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and ...
nian and one of Honduran registry. It was commanded by Commodore D. A. Casey in ''River Afton''. The convoy was escorted for the first stage of its voyage, from Scotland to Iceland, by a Local Escort Group, of two destroyers and an ASW Trawler. For the second stage, from Iceland to the Soviet Union, the Ocean escort was two destroyers and two trawlers, augmented by three whalers being transferred to the
Soviet Navy The Soviet Navy was the naval warfare Military, uniform service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces. Often referred to as the Red Fleet, the Soviet Navy made up a large part of the Soviet Union's strategic planning in the event of a conflict with t ...
. The Ocean escort was commanded by Capt. L. S. Saunders, in the cruiser . In support of the convoy escort, and guarding against a sortie by the , was a Heavy Cover Force, comprising the battleships (Vice Admiral A. T. B. Curteis commanding), , battlecruiser , aircraft carrier , the cruisers and and sixteen destroyers, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . This force was intended to accompany PQ 13 at a distance until it was past Bear Island.


Action

The convoy sailed from Loch Ewe in
Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...
on 10 March 1942 and arrived in
Reykjavík Reykjavík is the Capital city, capital and largest city in Iceland. It is located in southwestern Iceland on the southern shore of Faxaflói, the Faxaflói Bay. With a latitude of 64°08′ N, the city is List of northernmost items, the worl ...
on 16 March 1942. After the departure of three ships, bound from Loch Ewe to Reykjavík only and the first stage escort, collecting a further three ships bound from Reykjavík to Murmansk and the close escort for the voyage, PQ 13 left Reykjavík on 20 March 1942. The voyage was uneventful until 24 March, when the convoy was struck by a four-day storm, which left the convoy scattered and in disarray. The ships were dispersed over a distance of . Over the next few days the ships coalesced into two groups, of eight and four, with four others proceeding independently. On 28 March the ships were sighted by German aircraft, and attacked. ''Raceland'' and ''Empire Ranger'' were sunk. A German force of three Narvik class destroyers, , and , under the command of KzS G. Ponitz, sortied from
Kirkenes (Norwegian language, Norwegian; ), (Northern Sami language, Northern Sami; , or is a List of towns and cities in Norway, town in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, in the far northeastern part of Norway. The town lies on a peninsu ...
. The German destroyers intercepted and sank ''Bateau'' on the night of 28/29 March, before falling in with ''Trinidad'' and ''Fury'' in the early hours of 29 March. ''Z26'' was badly damaged by ''Trinidad'', sinking later after a combined counter-attack of ''Oribi'', ''Eclipse'' and the Soviet destroyer '' Sokrushitelny'' but in the course of the action ''Trinidad'' was hit by her own torpedo (the torpedo's
gyroscope A gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος ''gŷros'', "round" and σκοπέω ''skopéō'', "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining Orientation (geometry), orientation and angular velocity. It is a spinning wheel or disc in ...
froze). The remaining German ships broke off the action and ''Trinidad'', escorted by ''Fury'' and ''Eclipse'', limped into Kola Inlet, arriving midday on 30 March. The ships of PQ 13 came under U-boat attack. ''Induna'' was sunk by , and ''Effingham'' by . ''Fury'' attacked an
asdic Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure distances ( ranging), communicate with or detect objects o ...
contact and was credited with the destruction of but post-war analysis found that ''U-585'' was lost elsewhere. By 30 March most ships had arrived at Murmansk; the last stragglers came in on 1 April. Six ships were lost in this convoy. The Germans sank five freighters. One
whaler A whaler or whaling ship is a specialized vessel, designed or adapted for whaling: the catching or processing of whales. Terminology The term ''whaler'' is mostly historic. A handful of nations continue with industrial whaling, and one, Jap ...
, (), was lost, probably due to heavy icing, and the cruiser, ''Trinidad'', was damaged. Against this one German destroyer had been sunk. Fourteen ships had arrived safely, more than two-thirds of the convoy. The freighter ''Tobruk'' was credited with shooting down one bomber and another probable on 30 April.


Ship list

The convoy to Russia consisted of 19 freighters, a Fleet Oiler and 3 whalers * , and sailed with the convoy from Loch Ewe to
Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...
, but didn't sail to the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
. * ''Ballot'', ''Bateau'' and ''Scottish American'' joined the convoy in
Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...
. * All other ships departed from Loch Ewe, for
Murmansk Murmansk () is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far Far North (Russia), northwest part of Russia. It is the world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle and sits on both slopes and banks of a modest fjord, Ko ...
. * Three whalers: HMS ''Silja'', HMS ''Sulla'' and HMS ''Sumba'' were under transfer to the Soviet Navy and would become magnetic mine
minesweepers A minesweeper is a small warship designed to remove or detonate naval mines. Using various mechanisms intended to counter the threat posed by naval mines, minesweepers keep waterways clear for safe shipping. History The earliest known usage of ...
. In Russia, HMS ''Silja'' was renamed ''T-107'' and HMS ''Sumba'' was renamed ''T-106''.


Convoy escorts

For the first stage, from Loch Ewe to Reykjavík, PQ 13 had a local escort of two destroyers and an ASW Trawler. From Iceland to Murmansk the close escort consisted of the cruiser ''Trinidad'' and the destroyers ''Fury'' and ''Eclipse'', two armed trawlers and three
minesweepers A minesweeper is a small warship designed to remove or detonate naval mines. Using various mechanisms intended to counter the threat posed by naval mines, minesweepers keep waterways clear for safe shipping. History The earliest known usage of ...
. For the final leg the convoy was supported by the local escort based at Kola; two Soviet destroyers and four RN minesweepers. Loch Ewe – Reykjavík: 10–16 March.
Leaving Loch Ewe in the afternoon of the 10th, the convoy was escorted by: * Destroyer (left the convoy on the 13th) * Destroyer * ASW Trawler On the 11th, another escort joined the convoy: * Destroyer
Reykjavík – Murmansk: 18–31 March.
Leaving Reykjavík in the morning of the 18th, the convoy was escorted by: * Trawler , and . (left the convoy on the 23rd) On the 23rd, other escorts joined the convoy: * Destroyers and (left the convoy on the 25th) * Light Cruiser (left the convoy on the 25th) The Barents Sea – Murmansk: 27 March – 3 April;
On the 27th, the convoy was joined by two Soviet destroyers: *
Destroyers In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, maneuverable, long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy, or carrier battle group and defend them against a wide range of general threats. They were conceived i ...
and '' Sokrushitelney'' On 28 March the convoy was assisted by the involvement of the Sixth Minesweeping Flotilla operating here.
, , and of the Sixth Minesweeping Flotilla, under command of commander E.P. Hinton, sailed on 28 April for a patrol in the Arctic waters. On the 29th ''Harrier'' went for a search for survivors of the Empire Ranger. On the 29th ''Speedwell'' attempted to intercept ''Harpalion'', but failed to find her. found abandoned boats of ''Empire Ranger'' on the 29th which indicated they were picked up by other boats. (A German wireless claimed prisoners from a merchant ship, it was obvious they were from ''Empire Ranger'') On 30 March, ''Gossamer'' found ''Scottish American'', ''Effingham'' and ''Dunboyne''. But ''Gossamer'' received orders to proceed to the position of the torpedoed ''Indua'', but failed to find her. ''Hussar'' made contact with a group of 9 ships of PQ 13 and a whaler. Escorted by two Russian destroyers and a trawler. ''Oribi'' sighted the whaler ''Silja'' who had run out of fuel. ''Oribi'' was ordered to go to the aid of ''River Afton'' which was reported to have been hit by a
U-boat U-boats are Submarine#Military, naval submarines operated by Germany, including during the World War I, First and Second World Wars. The term is an Anglicization#Loanwords, anglicized form of the German word , a shortening of (), though the G ...
. ''Harrier'' took ''Silja'' in tow and ''Speedwell'' escorted them. On 1 April, (also of the Sixth Minesweeping Flotilla) sailed to search for ''Sulla'', but returned on 3 April, having failed to find her.


Convoy losses

After an attack on 28 March 1942, 16 crewmembers of ''Ballot'' left the ship in a lifeboat, were picked up by ''Silja'' and put on board ''Induna''. * 12 of them were former crewmembers of the SS Ballot


Aftermath


Footnotes


References

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Further reading

* * * * * * * *


External links


PQ 13 at Convoyweb


*

{{World War II PQ 13 C Naval battles of World War II involving the Soviet Union