Convolutidae is a family of

acoel Acoela, or the acoels, is an order of small and simple invertebrates in the subphylum Acoelomorpha of phylum Xenacoelomorpha, a deep branching bilaterian group of animals, which resemble flatworms. Historically they were treated as an order of ...

s, belonging to the phylum

Xenacoelomorpha Xenacoelomorpha () is a small phylum of bilaterian invertebrate animals, consisting of two sister groups: xenoturbellids and acoelomorphs. This new phylum was named in February 2011 and suggested based on morphological synapomorphies (physica ...

. This family contains more than a third of all known acoel species.Turbellarian taxonomic database
2006.

Description

The family Convolutidae includes acoels with a ventral mouth opening and a body-wall musculature composed both dorsally and ventrally of circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers. The ventral body wall also has a group of U-shaped fibers. Most species are

symbiont Symbiosis (Ancient Greek : living with, companionship < : together; and ''bíōsis'': living) is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction, between two organisms of different species. The two organisms, termed symbionts, can fo ...

s with

alga Algae ( , ; : alga ) is an informal term for any organisms of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not plants, and includes species from multiple distinct clades. Such organisms range from unicellular microalgae, suc ...

e. The anterior end has a cluster of frontal glands, a pair of eyes and a statocyst. The body has pigmented lens. Intestine and excretory system is absent. It is hermaphrodite but

protandry Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is one of the two types of hermaphroditism, the other type being simultaneous hermaphroditism. It occurs when the organism's sex changes at some point in its life. A sequential hermaphrodit ...

is common.

Taxonomy

Genera

There are 26 genera in the family Convolutidae, of which 25 are extant.Nilsson, K.S., Wallberg, A., & Jondelius, U. (2011). "New species of Acoela from the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the South Pacific." ''Zootaxa'' 2867: 1-31. The

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus (''genus typica'') is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearin ...

is ''Convoluta''. * †'' Gutticorpus'' Knaust, 2021'''' * '' Achoerus'' Beklemischev, 1914 * '' Adenopea'' Antonius, 1968 * '' Amphiscolops'' Graff, 1904 * '' Antrosagittifera'' Hooge & Tyler, 2001 * '' Brachypea'' Antonius, 1968 * '' Conaperta'' Antonius, 1968 * ''

Convoluta Convolutidae is a family of acoels, belonging to the phylum Xenacoelomorpha. This family contains more than a third of all known acoel species.

'' Ørsted, 1843 * ''

Convolutriloba ''Convolutriloba'' is a genus of marine acoels. They possess shield shaped bodies with a rounded anterior and three caudal lobes, though the number may vary in mature individuals. They may have an indentation on each side of the body near the ...

'' Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988 * '' Haplodiscus'' Weldon, 1888 * '' Heterochaerus'' Haswell, 1905 * '' Neochildia'' Bush, 1975 * '' Oligochoerus'' Beklemischev, 1963 * '' Oxyposthia'' Ivanov, 1952 * '' Pelophila'' Dörjes, 1968 * '' Philachoerus'' Dörjes, 1968 * '' Polychoerus'' Mark, 1892 * '' Praesagittifera'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * '' Pseudanaperus'' Dörjes, 1968 * '' Pseudoconvoluta'' Beklemischev, 1929 * '' Sagittifera'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * '' Stomatricha'' Hooge, 2003 * '' Symsagittifera'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * '' Thalassoanaperus'' Hernandez, 2018 * ''

Waminoa ''Waminoa'' is a genus of Acoela, acoels which are epizoic on living corals, using the coral's mucus as a source of food. Unusually, these acoels harbor two genera of Endosymbiont, endosymbiotic dinoflagellates: ''Symbiodinium'' and ''Amphidinium ...

'' Winsor, 1990 * '' Wulguru'' Winsor, 1988

Species

There are over 100 species recognised in the family Convolutidae: * † ''Gutticorpus concentrica'' Knaust, 2021 * ''

Achoerus caspius ''Achoerus'' is a genus of acoel Acoela, or the acoels, is an order of small and simple invertebrates in the subphylum Acoelomorpha of phylum Xenacoelomorpha, a deep branching bilaterian group of animals, which resemble flatworms. Historical ...

'' Beklemischev, 1914 * ''

Achoerus ferox ''Achoerus'' is a genus of acoel Acoela, or the acoels, is an order of small and simple invertebrates in the subphylum Acoelomorpha of phylum Xenacoelomorpha, a deep branching bilaterian group of animals, which resemble flatworms. Historical ...

'' Beklemischev, 1937 * ''

Achoerus pachycaudatus ''Achoerus'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: * ''Achoerus caspius'' Beklemischev, 1914 * ''Achoerus ferox ''Achoerus'' is a genus of acoel Acoela, or the acoels, is an order of small and simple inve ...

'' Dörjes, 1968 * '' Adenopea cenata'' (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955) * '' Adenopea chuni'' (Brauner, 1920) * '' Adenopea illardata'' Löhner & Micoletzky, 1911 * '' Adenopea illardatus'' (Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911) * '' Amphiscolops bermudensis'' Hyman 1939 * '' Amphiscolops castellonensis'' Steinböck, 1954 * '' Amphiscolops cinereus'' (Graff, 1874) * '' Amphiscolops evelinae'' Marcus 1947 * '' Amphiscolops fuligineus'' Peebles 1913 * '' Amphiscolops gemelliporus'' Marcus 1954 * '' Amphiscolops gerundensis'' Steinböck, 1954 * '' Amphiscolops japonicus'' Kato 1947 * '' Amphiscolops marinelliensis'' Beltagi & Khafagi, 1984 * '' Amphiscolops mosaicus'' Kozloff 1998 * '' Amphiscolops potocani'' Achatz, 2008 * '' Amphiscolops trifurcatus'' (Beltagi 1983) * '' Amphiscolops zeii'' Riedl 1956 * '' Antrosagittifera corallina'' Hooge & Tyler, 2001 * '' Brachypea kenoma'' Antonius 1968 * '' Conaperta antonii'' Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 * '' Conaperta cirrata'' Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 * '' Conaperta flavibacillum'' (Jensen, 1878) * '' Conaperta lineata'' (Peebles, 1915) * '' Convoluta albomaculata'' (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892) * '' Convoluta baltica'' Meixner, 1938 * '' Convoluta bimaculata'' Graff, 1882 * '' Convoluta bohmigi'' (Brauner, 1920) * '' Convoluta borealis'' Sabussow 1900 * '' Convoluta boyeri'' Bush 1984 * '' Convoluta chiridotae'' (Beklemischev, 1915) * '' Convoluta confusa'' Graff 1904 * '' Convoluta convoluta'' (Abildgaard, 1806) * '' Convoluta enelitta'' Antonius 1968 * '' Convoluta furugelmi'' Mamkaev, 1971 * '' Convoluta henseni'' Böhmig, 1895 * '' Convoluta hipparchia'' Pereyaslawzewa 1892 * '' Convoluta kikaiensis'' Yamasu 1982 * '' Convoluta krana'' Antonius, 1968 * '' Convoluta lacazii'' Graff 1891 * '' Convoluta lacrimosa'' Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 * '' Convoluta marginalis'' Ivanov 1952 * '' Convoluta maris-alba'' (Sabussow, 1899) * '' Convoluta marisalbi'' Sabussov, 1900 * '' Convoluta naviculae'' Yamasu 1982 * '' Convoluta niphoni'' Achatz, 2008 * '' Convoluta pelagica'' Lohner & Micoletzky 1911 * '' Convoluta philippinensis'' Bush 1984 * '' Convoluta punctata'' Riedl, 1959 * '' Convoluta pygopora'' Antonius 1968 * '' Convoluta schmidti'' Czerniavsky, 1881 * '' Convoluta schuelii'' Achatz, 2008 * '' Convoluta semperi'' Graff, 1882 * '' Convoluta sordida'' Graff 1882 * '' Convoluta thela'' (Antonius, 1968) * '' Convoluta uljanini'' Graff, 1904 * '' Convoluta variabilis'' (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892) * ''

Convolutriloba hastifera ''Convolutriloba'' is a genus of marine acoels. They possess shield shaped bodies with a rounded anterior and three caudal lobes, though the number may vary in mature individuals. They may have an indentation on each side of the body near the an ...

'' Winsor, 1990 * ''

Convolutriloba longifissura ''Convolutriloba'' is a genus of marine acoels. They possess shield shaped bodies with a rounded anterior and three caudal lobes, though the number may vary in mature individuals. They may have an indentation on each side of the body near the an ...

'' Bartolomaeus & Balzer, 1997 * ''

Convolutriloba macropyga ''Convolutriloba'' is a genus of marine acoels. They possess shield shaped bodies with a rounded anterior and three caudal lobes, though the number may vary in mature individuals. They may have an indentation on each side of the body near the an ...

'' Shannon & Achatz, 2007 * ''

Convolutriloba retrogemma ''Convolutriloba retrogemma'' is a reddish-brown acoel 2 mm in length also commonly known as redbug, red planaria, rust flatworm, or simply red flatworm. It is a marine animal that gets energy from its endosymbiotic algae or from the consum ...

'' Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988 * '' Haplodiscus acuminatus'' Böhmig, 1895 * '' Haplodiscus bocki'' Dörjes 1970 * '' Haplodiscus incola'' (Leiper, 1902) * '' Haplodiscus obtusus'' Böhmig, 1895 * '' Haplodiscus ovatus'' Böhmig, 1895 * '' Haplodiscus piger'' Weldon 1888 * '' Haplodiscus ussovi'' Sabussow, 1896 * '' Haplodiscus weldoni'' Böhmig, 1895 * '' Heterochaerus australis'' Haswell 1905 * '' Heterochaerus blumi'' (Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007) * '' Heterochaerus carvalhoi'' (Marcus, 1952) * '' Heterochaerus langerhansi'' (Graff, 1882) * '' Heterochaerus sargassi'' (Hyman 1939) * '' Neochildia fusca'' Bush, 1975 * '' Oligochoerus bakuensis'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oligochoerus chlorella'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oligochoerus conops'' Beklemischev, 1963 * '' Oligochoerus erythrophthalmus'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oligochoerus limnophilus'' Ax & Doerjes 1966 * '' Oligochoerus melanops'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oligochoerus xanthella'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oxyposthia praedator'' Ivanov 1952 * '' Pelophila lutheri'' (Westblad, 1946) * '' Philachoerus johanni'' Dörjes, 1968 * '' Praesagittifera gracilis'' (Yamasu, 1982) * '' Praesagittifera naikaiensis'' (Yamasu, 1982) * '' Praesagittifera shikoki'' Kostenko & Mamkaev 1990 * '' Sagittifera sagittifera'' (Ivanov, 1952) * '' Stomatricha hochbergi'' Hooge, 2003 * '' Thalassoanaperus australis'' (Westblad, 1952) * '' Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus'' (Boguta, 1970) * '' Thalassoanaperus gardineri'' (Graff, 1911) * '' Thalassoanaperus ornatus'' (Beltagi, 2001) * '' Thalassoanaperus rubellus'' (Westblad, 1945) * '' Thalassoanaperus singularis'' (Hooge & Smith, 2004) * '' Thalassoanaperus sulcatus'' (Beklemischev, 1914) * '' Thalassoanaperus tvaerminnensis'' (Luther, 1912) * '' Waminoa brickneri'' Ogunlana, Hooge, Tekle, Benayahu, Barneah & Tyler, 2005 * '' Waminoa litus'' Winsor 1990 * '' Wulguru cuspidata'' Winsor 1988

Notes

References

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q2996491, from2=Q2845420, from3=Q290482