Conventicle Act (Denmark–Norway)

The Conventicle Act (, ) was a decree issued 13 January 1741 by King Christian VI of Denmark and Norway and forbade lay preachers from holding religious services – conventicles – without the approval of the local Lutheran priest. The law was repealed in 1839 (officially in 1848) in Denmark and 1842 in Norway, which lay the groundwork for freedom of assembly.

Denmark

The decree had its roots in developments in the Danish part of Denmark-Norway. Pietism had started to become a strong movement in some circles, coming from Germany in 1703. Among the pietists, conventicles were a foundation of religious life, and prayer and Bible studies were led in the home by laypeople. Pietism put a heavy emphasis on individual faith, and in such a way that it could threaten the unity of the Danish state church. The Danish state in the 1700's broke with pietism by incorporating it into the state religion. The branch of pietism that was incorporated was August Hermann Francke's form of pietism (), which had a positive relationship with the state and church.

It turned out, however, that stricter legislation was needed to keep the more radical pietists in check, and this led to the above-mentioned decree in 1741. Norway was then in union with Denmark, so the law also applied to Norwegians.

The decree stated that only the parish priest could hold such meetings and speak at them. Of course, morning and evening devotions could be held in the family without the priest's participation, but others could not be invited to these devotions. One exception was small group meetings, where the Bible was briefly discussed. These gatherings, however, had to be approved by the local parish priest.

In Denmark, the decree was in practice overruled by Christian VIII in 1839 under the influence of the (religious gatherings), stating that priests should take a more moderate approach towards the groups. In 1848 it was officially repealed.

Norway

The European Protestant movement came to Norway later than to Denmark, but there was influence from the end of the 18th century and the early 19th century.

After 1814, the Conventicle Act was retained as Norwegian law, even though the union with Denmark had been dissolved and Norway was in a union with Sweden. Preacher Hans Nielsen Hauge was particularly known for his disobedience towards and fight against the Conventicle Act.

In 1836 and 1839, Parliament tried to repeal it, but was stopped by the government. Only in 1842, when the Parliament adopted the repeal for the third time, did the act pass. When the ordinance was repealed in 1842, it laid an essential foundation for freedom of assembly in Norway. In the next three years, dispensations were granted for the establishment of church congregations outside the state church. The Quakers received their dispensation in 1842 and the Catholic Church in 1843. In 1845 came the Dissenter Act which opened the way for all Christian groups to establish themselves in Norway. However, monastic orders would remained banned until 1897 and Jesuits until 1956. Other religions were allowed to organize after 1891.

See also

* Conventicle Act (Sweden) – Sweden's law, which was somewhat older
* Conventicle Act 1664 – former English Act of Parliament
* Conventicle Act 1670 – former English Act of Parliament
* Free church
* Freedom of religion in Norway
* Haugean movement
* Jesuit clause
* Jew clause

References

External links

Konventikkelplakaten
historical legal text from Norsk Lærerakademi

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Legal history of Denmark
Legal history of Norway
1741 in law
1741 in Denmark
1741 in Norway
18th century in Denmark
18th century in Norway
1741 in religion