''Pyrgulina'' is a small

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of very small

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

s, pyramidellid

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s or

micromollusk A micromollusk is a shelled mollusk which is extremely small, even at full adult size. The word is usually, but not exclusively, applied to marine mollusks, although in addition, numerous species of land snails and freshwater mollusks also ...

s. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily

Chrysallidinae Chrysallidinae is a taxonomic group of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. Taxonomy Chrysallidinae has been one of eleven recognized subfamilies of the gastropod family ...

of the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Odostomiidae Odostomiinae, ''Odostomia'' snails and their allies, is a taxonomic subfamily of minute parasitic sea snails. These are marine heterobranch gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks, in the family Pyramidellidae. Taxonomy The subfamily Odostomiinae h ...

.Bouchet, P. (2011). Pyrgulina A. Adams, 1864. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=236150 on 2011-11-28

General description

The

whorl A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). Whorls in nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral ...

s of the

teleoconch The gastropod shell is part of the body of a gastropod or snail, a kind of mollusc. The shell is an exoskeleton, which protects from predators, mechanical damage, and dehydration, but also serves for muscle attachment and calcium storage. Some ...

are

sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...

d similarly throughout.

Varices A varix (pl. varices) is an abnormally dilated vessel with a tortuous course. Varices usually occur in the venous system, but may also occur in arterial or lymphatic vessels. Examples of varices include: * Varicose veins, large tortuous veins usua ...

are absent. The shell is marked with strong axial ribs which extend from the summit to the

umbilical Umbilical may refer to: *Umbilical cable *Umbilical cord *Umbilical fold *Umbilical hernia *Umbilical notch *Umbilical vessels **Umbilical artery **Umbilical vein *Umbilical zone *The Umbilical Brothers, two Australian comedic performers, David a ...

area The spiral markings consist of impressed lines. The fine, incised spiral striations are subequally spaced and present at the intercostal spaces between the sutures and on the base of the whorls.W.H. Dall and P. Bartsch, "A Monograph of West American Pyramidellid Mollusks" , Smithsonian Institution, p. 14 and 169; 1909
/ref>

Species

Species within the genus ''Pyrgulina'' include: * '' Pyrgulina adducta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina affinis'' Laseron, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina altiminima'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina alveata'' (A. Adams, 1861) * '' Pyrgulina alveatoides'' (Nomura, 1938) * '' Pyrgulina amabilis'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina anacra'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina angustacostae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina anodyna'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina archetypum'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina arfica'' (Bartsch, 1915) * '' Pyrgulina arguta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina bantama'' van Aartsen & Corgan, 1996 * '' Pyrgulina bertae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina bifariam'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina brenda'' (A. Adams, 1860) * '' Pyrgulina buriti'' Saurin, 1961 * '' Pyrgulina butoli'' Saurin, 1961 * '' Pyrgulina caledonica'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina calendalis'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina cambodgiensis'' Saurin, 1961 * '' Pyrgulina canalicia'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina carbonellae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina carmeloi'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina casta'' (A. Adams, 1861) * '' Pyrgulina cataplexis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina cheveyi'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina circumducta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina clatrorum'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina collectitia'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina colligata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina columna'' (Laseron, 1959) * '' Pyrgulina comacum'' Melvill, 1910 * '' Pyrgulina conciliata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina concinna'' (A. Adams, 1860) * '' Pyrgulina condensa'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina condita'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina congressa'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina congruens'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina consimilis'' (A. Adams, 1861) * '' Pyrgulina consobrina'' (A. Adams, 1861) * '' Pyrgulina corpuslevis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina cumstantes'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina dactyliformis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina deambulans'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina debiliformis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina decussata'' A. Adams, 1863 * '' Pyrgulina densecostata'' (Garrett, 1873) * '' Pyrgulina diductacostae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina difficilis'' Saurin, 1958 * '' Pyrgulina diffidenter'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina dilata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina dimidia'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina dimidiata'' (Schander, 1994) * '' Pyrgulina disposita'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina dissensionis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina dissimiliter'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina districta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina divulgata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina dominicae'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina dozouli'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina ductaspiralis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina durabilis'' van Aartsen & Corgan, 1996 * '' Pyrgulina eccrita'' Melvill, 1910 * '' Pyrgulina edana'' Melvill, 1910 * '' Pyrgulina elegantisformae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina epentromidea'' Melvill, 1899 * '' Pyrgulina epitoniformis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina erecta'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina excellenter'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina exceptionis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina exoleta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina fasciesfabae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina filocincta'' (A. Adams, 1863) * '' Pyrgulina fischeri'' Hornung & Mermod, 1925 * '' Pyrgulina flexicostae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina formaviscala'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina fusiformis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina granum'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina grovesi'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina hervierioides'' (Melvill, 1906) * '' Pyrgulina honmungensis'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina interstriata'' (Souverbie, 1866) * '' Pyrgulina isae'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina jullieni'' Dautzenberg, 1912 * '' Pyrgulina kampotensis'' Saurin, 1961 * '' Pyrgulina kempermani'' (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000) * '' Pyrgulina kepensis'' Saurin, 1962 * '' Pyrgulina krempfi'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina lacrima'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina lafollettei'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina lagoenae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina lagrandierei'' Saurin, 1959 * † '' Pyrgulina latocorrugata'' Laws, 1941 * '' Pyrgulina lecta'' (Dall & Bartsch, 1906) Dall & Bartsch, ''Notes on Japanese, Indo-Pacific and American Pyramidellidae''; Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol XXX n° 1452; 1906 * '' Pyrgulina levamisii'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina lineotuber'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina linomicalii'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina maiae'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924 * '' Pyrgulina melvilli'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906 * '' Pyrgulina microstriata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina microtuber'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina milicha'' Melvill, 1910 * '' Pyrgulina minimalicii'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina minimelata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina miniovalis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina minuscoronata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina minusgranum'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina minuta'' Feng, 1996 * '' Pyrgulina multinodosa'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina mundula'' (A. Adams, 1861) * '' Pyrgulina nana'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924 * '' Pyrgulina nisitugaruensis'' (Nomura & Hatai, 1940) * '' Pyrgulina noviportus'' Saurin, 1961 * '' Pyrgulina obesa'' Dautzenberg, 1912 * '' Pyrgulina oodes'' (Watson, 1886) * '' Pyrgulina opimasculpta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina ovumformis'' (Nomura, 1938) * '' Pyrgulina partimcostae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina perdiminuta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina permanens'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina permansa'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina perscalata'' (Hedley, 1909) * '' Pyrgulina philippinensis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina phohaiensis'' Saurin, 1958 * '' Pyrgulina pinguis'' (Peñas & Rolán, 1998) * '' Pyrgulina pirinthella'' Melvill, 1910 * '' Pyrgulina plicata'' (A. Adams, 1860) * '' Pyrgulina pluricircumversa'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina problema'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina pronacostae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina propepuncti'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina prosoribs'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina proximitatis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina pseudalveata'' (Nomura, 1936) * '' Pyrgulina pulchella'' (A. Adams, 1860) * '' Pyrgulina pupaeformis'' (Souverbie, 1865) * '' Pyrgulina pupula'' (A. Adams, 1861) * '' Pyrgulina pura'' (A. Adams, 1861) * '' Pyrgulina puriae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina pyrgomella'' (Melvill, 1896) * '' Pyrgulina quasicylindrica'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina quinqueflexa''Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina raricostae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina rectangularis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina redempta'' (Melvill, 1910) * '' Pyrgulina reekmansae'' Peñas, Rolán & Swinnen, 2014 * '' Pyrgulina robustissima'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina rudicostae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina santaisabelensis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina satistriata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina scabra'' Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 * '' Pyrgulina scapulata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina scripta'' van Aartsen & Corgan, 1996 * '' Pyrgulina shigeyasui'' (Yokoyama, 1927) * '' Pyrgulina simokitana'' (Nomura, 1939) * '' Pyrgulina sowerbyi'' van Aartsen & Corgan, 1996 * '' Pyrgulina spifunifortis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina spissa'' Laseron, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina standeni'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906 * '' Pyrgulina sykesi'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906 * '' Pyrgulina taravaensis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina tenerrima'' (Melvill, 1907) * '' Pyrgulina textilisculpta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina thelxinoa'' (Melvill, 1906) * '' Pyrgulina tongaensis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina traiecta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina trochiformis'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina tutubaensis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina vanderlindeni'' (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000) * '' Pyrgulina vanvelthoveni'' Peñas, Rolán & Swinnen, 2014 * '' Pyrgulina ventricosa'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924 * '' Pyrgulina venuste'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina verticalis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2017 * '' Pyrgulina whitechurchi'' (W.H. Turton, 1932) * '' Pyrgulina yersini'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Pyrgulina zidora'' Melvill, 1910 ;Species brought into synonymy : * ''Pyrgulina abbreviata'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of '' Turbonilla amoena'' (Monterosato, 1878) * ''Pyrgulina angulosa'' Monterosato, 1889: synonym of '' Parthenina angulosa'' (Monterosato, 1889) * ''Pyrgulina approximans'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of '' Kongsrudia approximans'' (Dautzenberg, 1912) * ''Pyrgulina bavayi'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of '' Kongsrudia gruveli'' (Dautzenberg, 1910) * ''Pyrgulina bartschi'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906: synonym of '' Egilina callista'' (Melvill, 1893) * ''Pyrgulina bavayi'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of '' Kongsrudia gruveli'' (Dautzenberg, 1910) * ''Pyrgulina brevicula'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of ''Chrysallida monterosatii'' (Clessin, 1900): synonym of '' Parthenina monterosatii'' (Clessin, 1900) * ''Pyrgulina brusinai'' Cossmann, 1921: synonym of '' Chrysallida incerta'' (Milaschewitsch, 1916) * ''Pyrgulina callista'' Mevill, 1893: synonym of '' Egilina callista'' (Melvill, 1893) * ''Pyrgulina claudoni'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906: synonym of '' Numaegilina claudoni'' (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906) * ''Pyrgulina connexa'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of '' Chrysallida connexa'' (Dautzenberg, 1912) * ''Pyrgulina cossmanni'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924: synonym of '' Besla cossmanni (''Hornung & Mermod, 1924) * ''Pyrgulina costulata'' (Dunker, 1860): synonym of '' Pyrgulina pupaeformis'' (Souverbie, 1865) * ''Pyrgulina crystallopecta'' Melvill, 1910: synonym of Pyrgiscus crystallopectus (Melvill, 1910) * ''Pyrgulina dautzenbergi'' Melvill, 1910: synonym of '' Polemicella dautzenbergi'' (Melvill, 1910) (original combination) * ''Pyrgulina decorata'' (Philippi, 1849): synonym of Chrysallida decorata (Philippi, 1849) * ''Pyrgulina denticula'' Coen, 1933: synonym of Chrysallida terebellum (Philippi, 1844): synonym of Parthenina terebellum (Philippi, 1844) * ''Pyrgulina edgarii'' Melvill, 1896: synonym of Turbonilla edgarii (Melvill, 1896)) * ''Pyrgulina epentroma'' (Melvill, 1896)): synonym of Costabieta epentroma (Melvill, 1896)) * ''Pyrgulina fannyae'' Saurin, 1959: synonym of '' Linopyrga fannyae'' (Saurin, 1959) * ''Pyrgulina feriarum'' Saurin, 1959: synonym of '' Linopyrga feriarum'' (Saurin, 1959) * ''Pyrgulina gemmifera'' Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1906: synonym of '' Liamorpha gemmifera'' (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1906) * ''Pyrgulina germaini'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906: synonym of '' Odostomella germaini'' (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906) * ''Pyrgulina germaini'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of '' Pyrgulina substituta'' Dautzenberg, 1913 * ''Pyrgulina givenchyi'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of '' Chrysallida jullieni'' (Dautzenberg, 1912) * ''Pyrgulina gliriella'' Melvill & Standen, 1896: synonym of ''

Herviera gliriella ''Herviera gliriella'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Rosenberg, G. (2011). ''Herviera gliriella'' (Melvill & Standen, 1896). Accessed through: World Register of M ...

'' (Melvill & Standen, 1896) * ''Pyrgulina humilis'' (Preston, 1905): synonym of '' Quirella humilis'' (Preston, 1905) * ''Pyrgulina indistincta'' (Montagu, 1808): synonym of '' Parthenina indistincta'' (Montagu, 1808) * ''Pyrgulina infrasulcata'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of '' Odetta sulcata'' (de Folin, 1870) * ''Pyrgulina lamyi'' Dautzenberg, 1912 : synonym of ''Pyrgulina mutata'' Dautzenberg, 1912 * ''Pyrgulina lamyi'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906: synonym of '' Egilina lamyi'' (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906) * ''Pyrgulina manorae'' (Melvill, 1898): synonym of ''Turbonilla manorae'' Melvill, 1898: synonym of '' Turbonilla mumia'' (A. Adams, 1861) * ''Pyrgulina monicae'' Saurin, 1958: synonym of '' Parthenina monicae'' (Saurin, 1958) * ''Pyrgulina montbruni'' Saurin, 1959: synonym of '' Pyrgulina pupaeformis'' (Souverbie, 1865) (doubyful synonym) * ''Pyrgulina muinamensis'' Saurin, 1959: synonym of '' Pyrgulina pupaeformis'' (Souverbie, 1865) * ''Pyrgulina mutata'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of '' Kongsrudia mutata'' (Dautzenberg, 1912) * ''Pyrgulina nigraerupis'' Saurin, 1959 : synonym of '' Pyrgulina tenerrima'' (Melvill, 1906) * ''Pyrgulina perscalata'' (Hedley, 1909): synonym of '' Linopyrga perscalata'' (Hedley, 1909) * ''Pyrgulina perspectiva'' Hedley, 1902: synonym of '' Egilina callista'' (Melvill, 1893) * ''Pyrgulina polemica'' Melvill, 1910: synonym of '' Polemicella polemica'' (Melvill, 1910) * ''Pyrgulina prestoni'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906: synonym of '' Egilina prestoni'' (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906) * ''Pyrgulina pretiosa'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906: synonym of '' Miralda pretiosa'' (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906) * ''Pyrgulina pretiosa'' (Turton, 1932): synonym of '' Pyrgulina sowerbyi'' van Aartsen & Corgan, 1996 (secondary junior homonym of ''Pyrgulina pretiosa'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1907; ''Pyrgulina sowerbyi'' is a replacement name.) * ''Pyrgulina primitractus'' Saurin, 1959: synonym of '' Linopyrga primitractus'' (Saurin, 1959) * ''Pyrgulina pura'' Saurin, 1961: synonym of '' Chrysallida pura'' (Saurin, 1962) * ''Pyrgulina pygmaea'' Thiele, 1925: synonym of '' Pyrgulina bantama'' van Aartsen & Corgan, 1996 * ''Pyrgulina sculptatissima'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of ''Miralda elegans'' (de Folin, 1870): synonym of '' Liamorpha elegans'' (de Folin, 1870) * ''Pyrgulina sinus'' Saurin, 1959: synonym of '' Linopyrga sinus'' (Saurin, 1959) * ''Pyrgulina senex'' Hedley, 1902: synonym of '' Miralda senex'' (Hedley, 1902) (original combination) * ''Pyrgulina sowerbyi'' van Aartsen & Corgan, 1996: synonym of '' Pyrgulina pretiosa'' (Turton, 1932)

References

External links

To World Register of Marine Species
{{taxonbar, from=Q3174609 Pyramidellidae